# All Questions

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### Forward Secrecy when using non-ephemeral DH

In context SSL/TLS, reading up on various sites, I find forward secrecy in DH key exchange being linked to its ephemeral use i.e. DHE. I don't fully understand this link, where does following ...
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### Encryption Oracle Avoidance

I have a case where it may be possible for an adversary to deduce the plaintext inputs that went into creating a AES-128-GCM encrypted message (there is good IV diversity across the encrypted ...
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### Do any Identity-based Encryption Systems support messaging between domains?

Identity Based Encryption is covered under RFC 5091 (specifying the algorithm), 5408 (specifying data structures), and 5409 (using IBE with Cryptographic Message Syntax). However, every IBE ...
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### How is SSL secure?

if the client and the server need to exchange keys and I can sniff it, wouldn't I be able to decrypt the data transported?
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### When is data origin authentication necessary but non-repudiation not?

I have been considering this question now for a week and I just cannot find an answer. I understand that non-repudiation cannot be provided without data origin authentication but I cannot think of an ...
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### What is wrong in the following algorithm for computing a hash function using RSA?

I'm studying for a cryto exam and have run across this question which has stumped me. What is wrong in the following algorithm for computing a hash function? Take a message $M$, generate a random ...
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### When would you increment a nonce and when not?

K is the shared key for encryption known by _Alice and _Bob. $N_A$ is a nonce created by Alice. The function f is the increment by 1 function. (1) Alice -> Bob: $E_K(N_A)$ So Alice encrypts a nonce ...
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### Q: Relevance of physical layer security to cryptography

I found that there are quite some active research activities in a field named "physical layer security", with in particular some types of codes that apparently are different from those commonly ...
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### Hamiltonian Path Zero Knowledge Proof using Commitments to a Series of Edges

Commonly, Zero Knowledge Proofs based on the Hamiltonian Path or Cycle problems are given as follows: The Prover has a graph $G$, for which he knows a Hamiltonian Path (or Cycle). $G$ is also known ...
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### Double add always + scalar blinding [migrated]

I am using double add always + scalar blinding for pointMultiplication in projective coordinates (x,y,z). poinMultiplication Class ...
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### help with cryptanalysis of a sponge permutation

I have been studying and researching hash functions. So far my research has led me to the sponge construction. It appears that the permutation used in the sponge to stir the state is more or less ...
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### XOR of one-way function [migrated]

Considering the top answer to this question here, http://cs.stackexchange.com/a/10418, wouldn't this counter-example imply that we've inverted $f$? Consider the reduction where we take in $f(x_1)$ and ...
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Someone posted this on reddit a few days ago, and I haven't found much about it except for links back to the same page. Here's the article ...
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### Role of Fermat's little theorem in the proof of correctness of ElGamal signature

In the Wikipedia article about the ElGamal signature scheme it is written, that Fermat's little theorem is used in the following proof of correctness: From the signature generation in ElGamal we can ...
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### Hashing a password before using for online accounts

I don't actually know what I'm talking about, so apologies if I get anything wrong. At the moment I have a password naming system for most of my online accounts that looks something like this: ...
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For a personal project, I'm building a password manager, based off the project in this syllabus from Stanford http://crypto.stanford.edu/~dabo/cs255/hw_and_proj/proj1.pdf Since I don't exactly have ...
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### Block cipher detect padding behaviour

Suppose i have a crypto provider, i.e: i give that provider some plaintext bytes and get the encrypted result. I don't know the used encryption method, but i know ...
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### Discrete logarithm hash function Exercises

I have a problem with this exercise: Let $G$ be a group of order a prime $q$ and let $g, h$, be two randomly selected elements of $G$, with $g,h\ne 1$. Consider the following hash function on ...
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### Why do we implement a protocol?

In general, after we design a secure cryptographic protocol and make sure that it is efficient (e.g. through complexity analysis) we implement it. Questions: Do we implement it for proof of ...
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### Encryption that could have multiple decryption key

The title looks strange but it is to deal with this situation. The data we have should only be accessible by our end user and data administrators, not anyone else. Ideally, each user should have ...
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### System parameters in identity-based encryption

In IBE schemes, the system parameters are $(q, \mathbb{G}, F, \hat{e}, P, Q, T, H_1)$. I don't know $\hat{e}$. For example, in type A pairing… ...
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### Best attack on double DES followed by XOR with third key

What is the best attack here? $E_k(m)=DES_{k1}(DES_{k2}(m)) \oplus k3$
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### How to correctly encrypt data with proper authentication using AES-256-CBC in php?

I have been using the openssl function for encrypting data with AES-256-CBC in php. I have been able to encrypt it using an unique IV (by generating with openssl_random_pseudo_bytes)for each new ...
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### How to encrypt a number using AES?

How to do padding to input giving to encrypt using AES algorithm if the input is less than 128 bits? I need to encrypt a decimal number such as 10.
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### Security of encrypting many short values with AES in GCM mode

We intend to encrypt certain values in a database which holds personal information such as addresses so as to prevent data leakage should the database be compromised. The intention is that each field ...
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### Plaintext and ciphertext block sizes

How can you determine the largest plaintext block size and smallest ciphertext size if you used RSA with $n=59768553302699443$ using an alphabet with $27$ characters?
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### Can BPS be used to encrypt a single integer, and restrict the output to a certain range?

As per specifications document, "We have the natural restriction that at least two characters must be ciphered, i.e. $b \geq 2$" where each character is represented by an integer of certain ...
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### Finding the subgroup in isogeny-based cryptography

Isogeny-based cryptography is one of the newest post-quantum cryptography. Hardness of this system is based on finding isogeny between two elliptic curves. Also this is theorem: Elliptic curves ...
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### emulation of a one-time-pad based on multiple keys of running cipher

a one-time-pad cipher is one that uses a long "truly" random key that is as long as the plain text message. the key must be only used once. the key must not be derived from pseudo random number ...
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### EC Schnorr or Ed25519 Java card implementation [migrated]

I am trying to implement ED25519 in java card. Since there are many restrictions with respect to data types and sizes, its becoming tough to implement it, especially curve operations. Is there any ...
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### Which cryptography technique does not increase the size of the plain data?

I want to encrypt some data(text/voice/video) but it is essential that the size of the cipher data remains the same as the plain data. Which techniques can I use, and how secure are these techniques ...
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### How to split up $GF(2^{128})$ into smaller fields?

I've heard that it's possible to split up $GF(2^{128})$ into copies of several smaller fields like $GF(4)$ so as to make the math easier in some cases. How do you do that? I know how it works for ...
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### How to generate fingerprint for PGP public key

I would like to know how to generate a fingerprint for an openPGP public key. To be clear, I'm interested in how the fingerprint is generated. I'm aware that I can get the fingerprint with a ...
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### How does the Flickr length extension attack work?

I am currently reading about the length extension attack on Flickr (pdf) but not understanding what's going on there. ...
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### Preserving Confidentiality and Integrity in a Public channel

Let's say I've got two people that are trying to talk in a public channel $A$ and $B$ and they want to preserve their confidentiality and integrity. Which cryptographic algorithm would they want to ...
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### What happens if a nonce is reused in ChaCha20-Poly1305?

In ChaCha20-Poly1305, I know that reusing a nonce loses confidentiality and integrity for all messages encrypted with the (key, nonce) pair. However, is security affected for those messages encrypted ...
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### Why are obfuscators generally defined to be probabilistic algorithms, rather than deterministic ones?

One possible explanation is, randomness is not going to hurt you, so might as well use it. Also, if we are hoping to prove impossibility, it only makes the result stronger. One other explanation is ...
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### Setting up of polynomials for CP-ABE or KP-ABE Access Trees

My question I guess is how the selection is done. A brief explanation with a simple access tree will be very helpful.
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### Full encryption of IDs, partial decryption with customer specific key

I am looking for a "partial" encryption/decryption algorithm. Let's say I am encrypting the following List of IDs (long values) $[1,2,3,4]$ (with a secret key) to an encrypted string $e$, I would ...
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### Are there any successful preimage attacks?

Are there any successful preimage attacks on any serious cryptographic hash algorithm or at least on serious-looking non-cryptographic hashes (like MurmurHash)?
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### An MPC protocol from Elgamal is a good solution a homomorphic multiplication?

I want to compute a multiplication between many secret values and then distribute the result to everyone involved. For this, I thought about an MPC protocol built from Threshold Homomorphic Elgamal. ...
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### Solving ADFGVX decoding with only ciphertext

Hi I'm new to the world of crypto and I'm trying to decode a message. I know it is encrypted using the ADFGVX cipher. I also have a ciphertext, but I have no other information given to me. My question ...
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### Lagrange Coefficients & Polynomial in KP-ABE

My question is how these concepts relate in ABE. I am assuming that the attributes are used to share the master secret key and only a user with the right attributes for a particular access tree is ...
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### What does this advantage statement signify?

In many Attribute Based Encryption papers I see this line... The advantage of an adversary A in this game is defined as Pr[b' = b] − 1/2. Can someone explain what it means to me? I assume it means ...
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### Zero-knowledge proof for the product of additive Paillier ciphers

Suppose that Alice received the cipher values: $E(x_1), E(x_2), ..., E(x_n)$ that are encrypted using Paillier cryptosystem by $n$ entities with Bob's public key. Alice computes $E(\sum x_i)$ from ...
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### Understanding ransomware – What makes plain-text-attacks or brute-forcing so hard?

Say I have four files. Two are completely unencrypted, while the other two are the exact same files other than that they have been encrypted with (apparently) the same public key (via a ransomware ...
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### collision resistant hash function

I have got through the collision resistant hash function,and I found it a little bit tricky to solve this question: Would you please help me solve it?
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### Complexity using RSA

You encrypt a message using the RSA encryption system as $t^e \pmod n$ , where $t, e < n$ and $t$ is the numerical equivalent of the message. The message is written in a $27$-letter alphabet and is ...
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### Perfect Secrecy in Symmetric Key Systems

For symmetric key systems does perfect secrecy imply that all ciphers in the cipher space are equiprobable? I would think not, but I am finding it hard to come up with a counter example.
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### Using e-ID Number for Encryption and Digital Signing

I want to use e-ID number for performing Encryption/Decryption and Digital Signing - and in order to do so, I've opted a PGP-oriented approach which goes a bit like this. Generating PGP key-pair ...

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