# All Questions

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### Value of S and r in Fiat-Shamir Protocol

In the book Cryptography and Network Security by Forouzan,in chapter 14, Fiat-Shamir protocol, its mentioned that two large prime numbers p and q are chosen and kept secret. However n=p*q is made ...
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### RFID Protocol Cryptanalysis

Assume we have the following scheme for RFID: TAG & READER both have initially k keys. Every session the TAG computes $k_i$=F($k_{i-1})$ where F is a function which computes XOR of previous key ...
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### Errata for NIST SP 800-63

I'm looking through the latest version of NIST SP 800-63, and there is a table (Table A.1) in the Appendix that supposed give the "entropy" of a password for a 94 character alphabet for various ...
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### Benefit of using random key in Shamir's Secret Sharing

I am implementing Shamir's Secret Sharing, and I find that in (t,n)-threshold scheme, the shares are just using 1,2,3...,n as the key to form the shares ...
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### SSL / TLS digital signature exchange

If server is sending its digital signature, in which message / where does the digitally signature is provided to the client. Is it after the server_hello message because there the public key of the ...
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### Meaning of Signature hash algorithm field in certificate

I'd like to understand what is the meaning of this field, especially considering that when calling a crypto library to sign data the digest method is specified by the caller. For example, this simple ...
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### Rationale of “r” AES key use in OTR version 3 AKE protocol?

I just tried to review & understand AKE (Authenticated Key Exchange) protocol as defined in OTR secure messaging protocol version 3 here , and aiming to achieve Perfect Forward Secrecy I am a ...
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### What are the difference between cryptographic primitives and encryption primitives?

For example, from reading I found that the cryptographic primitives of both AES and DES are Confusion and Diffusion. However the encryption primitive for DES was Substitution and Permutation while ...
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### Why is plain ElGamal not secure?

Why is plain ElGamal not secure? What is the proof behind it?
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### How does the Blowfish algorithm key initialization work

I'm having some trouble understanding the Blowfish encryption algorithm. From the Wikipedia article... The secret key is then, byte by byte, cycling the key if necessary, XORed with all the ...
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### Standards/RFCs for non-Diffie-Hellman perfect forward secrecy?

Some time has passed since PFS introduction and we now have secure&proven asymmetric ciphers that can generate strong keys very efficiently (elliptic RSA variants and/or QD-Mceliece can generate ...
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### Secure ElGamal with OAEP

Is it possible to make ElGamal IND-CCA2 using OAEP or OAEP+? The reason I ask is that I recently answered this question and it came to my mind that OAEP or OAEP+ might be possible solutions. Note ...
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### AES-XTS: find key from ciphertext and plaintext [duplicate]

Let's say I have a plaintext, the corresponding ciphertext encrypted using AES-XTS, and the initialization vectors. Is there any way - not brute force, of course - to compute the key? Even if there's ...
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### Prove there is PRG that is not necessarily one-to-one

We assume that there is at least one PRG .Now prove there is a PRG like $G:\{0,1\}^{n} \rightarrow \{0,1\}^{l(n)}$ such that it is not necessarily one-to-one.
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### CTR_DRBG versus OFB_DRBG

As far as I know, in the development of ANSI X9.82, there was consideration of OFB_DRBG, a pseudorandom number generator based on block ciphers like CTR_DRBG, but it appears to have been rejected of ...
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### Looking for C++/Python Open Source code library for cryptanalysis of classical ciphers

I've done a significant amount of coding over the years working on classical ciphers (e.g., Chaocipher, D'Agapeyeff). My main programming languages today are C++ and Python, although there was a time ...
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### Is the key schedule of Serpent a circle?

The creation of the prekeys for Serpent works by XORing some previous values with a counter and a fixed value. Every word is 32 bits big and 4 words form a round key (after applying a S-Box, but this ...
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### Cipher text only attacks on deterministic fully homomorphic encryption schemes

If we have encryptions of additive and multiplicative identities in the corpus of cipher text of a deterministic fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme, I guess we can break it. If the FHE scheme ...
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### BER or DER X9.62 ECDSA signature

The signature format for ECDSA signatures can be encoded using ASN.1 integers according to X9.62 or it can comprise of two integers with the same size as the key size. In case the X9.62 format is ...
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### Creating a random password based off of a prime number

So I am making an application that basically creates strings that must be encrypted before they are stored on a user's device. If the user blindly starts running the application without creating a ...