# All Questions

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### How to break a Quagmire 3 cipher?

What would be a good way to go about attacking a Quagmire 3 cipher? I understand that it is polyalphabetic with a key and an indicator. I have started by taking the cipher text, taking every n-th ...
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### How to test implementation of primality tests like Miller–Rabin?

The Miller-Rabin primality test is an algorithm for checking if number is a prime. What would be best way to test implementation of such algorithm (or any primality test in general)?
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### Is this PRG secure?

$G$ is a safe PRG in range $\{0,1\}^n\rightarrow\{0,1\}^{n+1}$. Let us define $G'(S)=G(S\oplus G(S)_{1,...,n})$, s.t. $G(S)_{1,...,n}$ is the first n bits of $G(S)$. Is $G'(S)$ a secure PRG? ...
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### How to find HEXA value of String [closed]

This may be very easy thing, but i am just unable to understand this. I have a string "Hi", and in HEXA its written like this ...
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### What security checks do I need for SRP-6a?

I'm implementing an SRP-6a login system. What security checks do I need to do? Note that the modulus is sent to the client at algorithm startup. Here is the list I have so far. I'm using the ...
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### Rotate values in predefined manner

I want to create a Server S1, that publish a different value every 10 minutes on the internet. The value looks something like f7826da6-4fa2-4e98-8024-bc5b71e0893e. ...
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### Binary fast exponentiation method

Evaluate $17^{93} \mod 23$ \begin{align}e &= 93\\ &= 1 × 2^6 + 0 × 2^5 + 1 × 2^4+ 1 × 2^3 + 1 × 2^2 + 0 × 2^1 + 1 × 2^0\\ &= |\ 1011101\ |_2 \end{align} Then we have: ...
40 views

### Security of AES CTR with multiple messages containing the same known plain text

I have this scenario: The same plain text (that is part of an unkown bigger message) is being ecrypted multiple times using AES 128 CTR with a random key, the key is being transfered encrypted using ...
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### Conditions for a successful Differential Power Analysis attack

From this paper, there are two conditions for a successful DPA attack: i) there exists an intermediate variable in the implementation that is correlated with the power consumption and ii) ...
39 views

### DTLS 1.2 Finished message

I am implementing DTLS 1.2 and using ECDHE_RSA_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 cipher suit. Below is my client finished message Can anyone explain this message? How many bytes for verify data? Is there ...
29 views

### How can Käsper and Schwabe's Bitsliced AES Mixcolumns work

The only way I see it possible to do the matrix-multiplication in the MixColumns operation of AES is by shifting the bits in the multiplied number, and then reduce with the polynomial if needed. ...
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### DROWN - decrypting ServerVerify message is not enough?

I have read this article, but I can't understand why after decrypting ServerVerify, the client needs to send the export grade PMS again... When exploiting these flaws the attacker will send its ...
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### TWO Fish MDS and PHT

Twofish was an AES candidate and it uses 4x4 Matrix as MDS followed by a PHT. The Branch Number of MDS and PHT is 5 and 2 Respectively. from formula Branch Number = Minimum of [HammingWeight(Input) ...
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### Simulation-Based Proof: When a Secret Key is Involved

Assume we have a protocol in which a party receives an encrypted random polynomial. The polynomial is encrypted using his public key. We want to construct a simulator for this party (so this party ...
41 views

### Access control problem in oblivious transfer

I am not sure whether the title is proper or not, but this question comes to my mind when I was reading $k-n$ oblivious transfers. In a $k-n$ oblivious transfer (OT) protocol, a party A has $n$ ...
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### Security of Fernet Construction

Fernet is a described as a "high level symmetric encryption recipe" (source) that seems to be the default high level encryption scheme in the cryptography python ...
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### RSA Encryption problem for Discrete Math

I am doing practice problems for my upcoming final exam, and am having trouble with this RSA encryption problem. If any one could check to see if i did these correctly, it would be greatly ...
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### ORAM over Third Party DB

Oblivious Ram (ORAM) is a cryptographic technique that is used for secure DB querying without leakage on the access patterns. There are several schemes for ORAM, amongst the most popular ones, there ...
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### Safe MD5 digest

So I've heard that MD5 is broken because it's possible to engineer collisions. So instead we should use, say, SHA256. The problem which SHA256 digests is that they are long. So I've come up with this: ...
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### State recovery of Micalli-Schnorr random number generator modulo a prime

Let $p$ be a public prime of $n$ bits. Define the sequence $x_i=z_{i-1}^e \bmod p$, where $z_i$ is the $k$ high-order bits of $x_i$, and $r_i$ the remaining $n-k$ bits of $x_i$ (thus ...
1k views

### NIST Diffie-Hellman prime: how was it picked? Where did it come from?

According to this Matasano Crypto challenge, the NIST "likes" the following prime modulus, which appears to be expressed in hexadecimal: ...
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### Does sending the same message with 2 different keys in OTP leak information?

Suppose a common message ($M$) is XOR'ed with two different keys $K_1,K_2$ producing two ciphertexts $C_1,C_2$. Thus, $$M \oplus K_1 = C_1\\ M \oplus K_2 = C_2$$ On observing $C_1$ and $C_2$, an ...
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### Does revealing shares of the result reveals shares of the inputs?

Suppose Alive and Bob have shares of two polynomials $P,Q$, say, Alice knows $P_A,Q_A$, Bob knows $P_B,Q_B$ s.t. $P=P_A+P_B$ and $Q=Q_A+Q_B$. They perform some operation $f$ over the shared values, to ...
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### Is Using Digital Signatures to prove identity a zero knowledge proof?

Suppose Alice publishes a book with a public key in it, and later wants to prove that she wrote the book. She could sign challenge messages with her private key, and others could verify those signed ...
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### Can CMAC be used as a 128bit Key Derivation Function?

I want to derive a key a number of times for a deterministic scenario, where I can get n keys from a single one. The logic looks something like this: ...
55 views

### How can I show RSA OAEP IND-CPA secure

How can I show, that RSA with OAEP is IND-CPA secure by using G,H one way function?
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### How much weaker is AES-64 than AES-128?

It's hard to say exact QC specs, but let's assume we have decent a quantum computer using Grover's algorithm that is able to half AES-128 keyspace to that of AES-64. How long will a bruteforce attack ...
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### finished message layout in TLS version 1.2 [duplicate]

Is there anyone that can explain what wrong with my understanding about 'finished message layout' in TLS version 1.2 ? I'm trying to implement it for my own purpose, upgrading host-to-host ...
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### Given a hash function how to find all/some inputs that hash to 0? [duplicate]

Say I have a simple hash function where $x$ is a sequence of integers: $$h(x)=(a_1\cdot x_1+...+ a_n\cdot x_n) \bmod N=\sum_i a_i\cdot x_i \bmod N$$ where $a_1,a_2,a_3,...,a_n$ is the coefficient ...
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### Yao's Garbled circuit: Does Bob ever see the circuit?

I asked a question about whether the circuit structure for Yao's garbled circuit needs to be rearranged. I understand from Yehuda Lindell's response that the circuit structure itself does not need to ...
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### What are the pros and cons of SIP media encryption types SRTP, ZRTP, and DTLS?

I'm just getting used to SIP for my first time using Linphone. Which encryption is better and why? My Settings > Network > Media Encryption has the options of SRTP, ZRTP, and DTLS.
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### Encrypting/Decrypting using RSA and AES; standards?

I'm looking for a standard way of encrypting and signing a message using RSA and AES. I understand that in pseudo code the actions taking place are like this: Alice's actions for sending a secret, ...
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### How to find collisions in a hash function knowing its coefficent?

Say I have a simple hash function where $x$ is a sequence of integers: $$h(x)=(a_1\cdot x_1+...+ a_n\cdot x_n) \bmod N=\sum_i a_i\cdot x_i \bmod N$$ where $a_1,a_2,a_3,...,a_n$ is the coefficient ...
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### Proving CCA security for scheme constructed from secure PRP

We have a $PRP : \{0,1\}^{3n} \rightarrow \{0,1\}^{3n}$ and encryption scheme constructed from this $PRP$. $E_k(x\|r\|0^n)$, where $r$ is randomly chosen from $\{0,1\}^n$ and $0^n$ is a block of ...
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### Diffie-Hellman: Calculating the private key from the public key with Java

I have the task to calculate the private key from the given public key and have the hint that the secret exponent lies in the range from $-2^{31} < e < 2^{31}$. To find the exponent I ...
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### DROWN Attack - Which is the SSLv2 vulnerability exploited?

In order to get the session key used in TLS communication, an attacker must capture X TLS handshakes based on RSA key encryption, and switch to a server supporting SSLv2 protocol, and sharing the same ...
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### Handshake SSLv2, SSLv3, TLS

Can someone confirm that SSLv2, SSLv3, and TLS have the same Handshake process (ClientHello/ServerHello, ..., ClientKeyExchange ...)? If not, can you tell me the main differences between theses three ...
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### Why are MACs not included when defining Protocols?

I see often in literature related to cryptographic protocols that MACs (Message Authentication Codes) are not included in protocol definitions. For example: ...
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### Noise in Homomorphic encryption

What is the noise in homomorphic encryption schemes? (or where does the noise come from, I see that its inbuilt in the scheme and is not a side channel or disturbance noise) Is it also due to the ...
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### An example of of an information theoretically secure protocol that is not cryptographically secure

Does there exist a protocol $\pi$ for some functionality $F$ which is information theoretically secure protocol that is not cryptographically secure for some threshold number of corrupt parties? ...
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### How do you prove an encryption scheme is IND-CPA or IND-CCA?

I know for proving a scheme is not IND-CPA or not IND-CCA you can construct an Adversary which has an unfair advantage in an experiment/game, but how would you prove a scheme is IND-CPA or IND-CCA?
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### RSA: select $e$ given $n$ and $\varphi(n)$

I have a question for a course I am doing. In an RSA question, it asks "Is it possible to select $e$ in such a way that it coincides with the corresponding private key $d$? If it is possible, provide ...
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### A question about pseudo random generators with seed that starts with a 0

Given that G is prg, is the following always a prg? G'(s)=G(0•s) I know that if there was a random bit instead of the leading 0 it was a prg, but I don't know about the leading 0. Thanks a lot
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### Yao's Garbled Circuit- Why does Alice need to rearrange the circuit?

My understanding of Yao's Garbled Circuit (based mostly on this summary) is as follows: Alice creates a garbled circuit based on the function f to be computed. She then hard-codes her input into the ...
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### How many qubits are required to break RSA 2048 or 4096 with a universal quantum computer?

So in the news this week, IBM have created a universal quantum computer with 5 fully functional qubits. Logic and Moore's law dictates they will be able to scale this up to a lot more qubits within a ...
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### How to find $e$ when $p,q,d$ are given?

I have solved till here ..... $$n=p*q$$ $$n=5*11$$ $$\varphi(n)=(p-1)*(q-1)=4*10=40$$ Now, how to find $e$, when $d$ is given as $27$ and message for encryption is $\text{abcdefghij}$. We have to take ...
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### How can bit slicing be constant time, when Mix Columns is in the cipher

I'm reading about bit-slicing techniques, and one thing about it caught my mind. The strength with bit sliced implementations are (apart from that they are fast) that they are running in constant ...
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### Attacking AES-CTR mode with known prefix [duplicate]

My question is the following: Consider a 128-bit AES-CTR mode encryption on a plain-text $m$ . The structure of $m$ is constant. First comes a string, let's say : "JustSomeText\" followed by 5 ...