# All Questions

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### Supersingular Isogeny Key Exchange Software [closed]

Are there any optimised implementations of the Supersingular Isogeny Key Exchange by Defeo, Jao, and Plut. It seems like this would be a great drop-in replacement for Diffie-Hellman in both OpenSSL ...
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### Meaning of entropy of a bitstring in NIST SP 800 - 90A

From NIST SP 800 - 90A from January 2012 (see http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-90A/SP800-90A.pdf), page 6: For the purposes of this Recommendation, an n-bit string is said to have ...
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### Why does UMAC encrypt the output of universal hash function?

UMAC uses a key to choose a random hash function from a family of universal hash functions. The value of the hash function is always encrypted using yet another key, and the resulting ciphertext ...
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### CMSS key sizes flexiprovider

I am study the implementation of the Coronado Merkle Signature Scheme using flexiprovider. I want to verify the Table 1 of its paper. Using the flexiprovider, I have written a example for ...
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### secure multi party protocol for multiplication

I started to learn secure multiplication protocol with oblivious transfer. And i came up with this question, Design a secure 2-bit multiplication involving 4 parties? Can any one suggest an answer for ...
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### Safe way to generate different encrypted output from the “same” plaintext

Imagine I want to send imaginary defcon levels to another party over the internet. I know there are good protocols for this like SSL, but lets say I only have a blackbox tool where I can input an AES ...
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### Distinguishing between two probabilities and the uniform probability

Say I have a polynomial adversary $A$ that can distinguish with a non-negligible adventage between $x$ generated from a probability $X$ and $y$ generated from a probability $Y$. Obviously, this ...
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### On countermeasures for replay attacks. Does this one require plaint text password storage?

I was reading this wiki section on the countermeasures against replay attacks and it basically suggests that: If Bob wants to confirm Alice's identity he can send a one-time token (I think it should ...
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### Convolution and catastrophic codes

i'm reading the article of Massey and Sain (here) and i cannot unserstand - what is "foreforward inversion"? I mean There is a description of circles in convolutional codes and a little bit ...
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### Is there a scheme that allows to use RSA based challenge response protocol limited to signing only 8 bytes to create a secure signature of any data?

I have a tiny device that has a challenge-response authentication mechanism where the device signs 8 bytes of any data with it's internal 2048 bit RSA key. I would like to be able to certify any data ...
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### Definition of indistinguishable schemes

Let $\mathsf{Exp}_{A,\Pi}(\lambda)$ be some indistinguishability experiment that finally outputs 1 if A outputs $b'$ that satisfies $b' = b$, otherwise 0. Then the textbooks often define the security ...
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Let $G$ be a cyclic multiplicative group of order $n$. Let $g$ be a (public) generator of $G$. The Diffie-Hellman (DH) problem asks: Given $g^x, g^y\in G$ for $x, y\in \mathbb{Z}^*_n$, to compute ...
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### Encryption of exe file

I recently started learning cryptography. I have learned some basic stuff. I'm also started learning about pc security, so I was wondering how do hackers use cryptography for bypassing antivirus ...
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### RSA private key d knowing e,n

I need to find RSA private key $(d, N)$ knowing $(e, N)$. It's "own" RSA implementation. As i know $p$ is random 70 bit number, then $q$ is $p-2^{10} < q < p+2^{10}$ $d$ is max 16 bit long with ...
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### Deriving 2 shared secrets from one private key and 2 different public keys

I have a key pair, say $(d, Q)$. I send my public key $Q$ to 2 different people. I also get their public keys $Q_1$ and $Q_2$. Now I can derive 2 shared secrets, $d*Q_1$ and $d*Q_2$. The 2 other ...
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### Why are RSA ciphertexts different for the same plaintext?

I am using SpongyCastle for a project in android. I have used RSA to encrypt the data and then decrypt it in another activity, the keys are stored in the shared preferences. I discovered a thing I ...
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### Cryptanalysis and Copying encrypted volumes

I just recently concerned myself with cryptography due to Snowden's revelations and there are a few things I cannot really wrap my head around but maybe you can help me with that. I am not a ...
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### Join Datasets While Protecting Anonymity

I've run into this issue a couple of times in my career. I'll see if I can explain with an example (please ignore the fact that this is implausible in the real-world). Suppose I sell computers, and I ...
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### How to prove the hardness of Rabin's function?

I am unable to prove the following theorem: If for a $1/(\log(n))$ fraction of the quadratic residues $q\pmod n$ one could find a square root of $q$, then one could factor $n$ in random polynomial ...
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### Can a combination of encryption algorithms weaken the overall encryption?

Are there any instances where a combination of industry standard encryption algorithms can weaken the overall encryption of the data? As a Naive example using non-standard encryption algorithms, ...
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### How is an epsilon of 1/1000 non-negligible?

Lately I've been studying cryptography and in the current course I'm taking we're reviewing statistical tests and how they can be used to determine if a pseudo-random generator is secure or not. ...
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### Is DES slow in hardware or only in software?

I have been reading that DES is slow. Is it only slow in software or slow overall? Also, as far as Triple DES being slow is concerned, is double AES with two 128 bit keys slower than single AES with ...
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### simple algorithm to encrypt/decrypt a text file

I need to write a first program in one language that saves data in a text file, and write a second program in a second language to decrypt that file. The two languages in question don't include any ...
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### What's the principle to design the functionality under UC framework?

Though I can get the basic idea of UC Framework, namely let the environment cannot distinguish the real protocol with the real adversary and the functionality with the simulator, I am still puzzled in ...
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### Blinding value of particular form

I'm working with an implementation that creates a blinding value for RW signatures with the following C++ code: ...
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### sha256_hmac for session keys using a counter

I need to generate some session keys from a master key that was generated from an ECDH key exchange. The master key is 256 bits and I need 256 bit sessions keys. Is it safe to use SHA256_HMAC with ...
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### Why isn't Rabin-Williams cryptosystem widely used?

I think we all know RSA. And of course we also know DJB (a.k.a. Daniel J. Bernstein). Now some already have noticed that he has an opinion towards cryptographic questions. In his 2008 paper on ...
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### RPC Service Authentication using Server and Client Nonce [migrated]

Forgive my ignorance, security is not my field. I have a RPC server where the server keeps a protected file containing user names and corresponding passwords. I would like to securely authenticate ...
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### How to calculate 16x16 SBox and InvSBox in AES Encryption?

As far as I know, $GF(2^8)$ and its multiplicative inverse are used to generate the 16×16 SBox and InvSBox in AES Encryption [or maybe I am wrong]. Can anyone please explain me how to generate this? ...
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### Is “Bit Independence” of SHA-2 hashes secure?

I know bit independence is good in SHA2 function output, but is it truly 100% secure? For example: Y = SHA512(secretKeyNonce256bit) A = first 32ytes / 256bits of Y, used as message encryption key B ...
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### What is the proper usage of GCM nonce in TLS1.2?

I have written a program with the help of the bouncy castle for C# library. I am monitoring the traffic which is send between the client and the server and found something (i find) strange. The ...
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### Rationale for use of right-shift (rather than rotate) in SHA-2?

The SHA-2 hashes in FIPS 180 define $\Sigma$ and $\sigma$ bijections of words, with $\Sigma$ used in the round function, and $\sigma$ used in preparing 48 words of message schedule from 16 words of a ...
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### Suppose $A$ knows $a$ and $B$ knows $b$, is it possible to efficiently compute $g^{ab}$ without leaking $g^a$ and $g^b$ to each other?

I know the garbled circuit solution, but is there any more efficient method?
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### Why does P1363 require RW signature with $0 ≤ s < n/2$?

I'm using an older copy of P1363 Public Key Cryptography was used below. It may (or may not) reflect the current state of affairs. P1363 has the following requirement in section 8.2.8 IFSP-RW, p. 45: ...
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### How hard is it to recover $p$ if I can get $h(p) \oplus h(p^*) \oplus r$ and $h(r)$?

Assume that $h:\{0,1\}^* \rightarrow \{0,1\}^\lambda$ is a cryptologic hash function, $r$ is taken randomly from $\{0,1\}^\lambda$, $p$ is a low-entropy password and $p^*$ is a guess. Now we get ...
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### Residue requirements of Rabin-Williams primes?

I'm trying to determine the residue requirements of Rabin-Williams. An older copy of P1363's Public Key Cryptography states the following in Section 8.1.3.2 RW key pairs: An RW public key consists ...
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### Understanding the PRINCE cipher linear layer

I am struggling to understand how to implement the PRINCE cipher linear layer. (https://eprint.iacr.org/2012/529.pdf) From my understanding I need to multiply the state with M, and with M' in between ...
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### Is the inverse of a point on an elliptic curve over $\mathbb{Z}_p$ always in the group?

I'm working on a zero knowledge proof system that uses ECC over $\mathbb{Z}_p$ (currently using NIST P-256 since mbed TLS doesn't support group operations on Curve25519, but the problem should be ...
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### What's wrong with an iterative (with counter) hashed salted KDF?

It seems like the brain-dead simplest KDF would have a key-stretching structure that is not substantially different from $\text{hash}(S | P | S | P |\dots|S|P)$, where $S$ is a salt and $P$ is a ...
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### How to find an impossible differential?

Given an arbitrary SPN-based cipher with X rounds. How to find an impossible differential for this cipher? What are strategies to find one?
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### zero knowledge framework for c programs - how to prove correct C program execution with private inputs

I am looking for a zk framework that could be used for proving correct execution of programs written in C (or any other high level language) such as: I know x s.t. SHA-256(x) = y (y is public, x is ...
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### Vigenère cipher frequency analysis not working

I'm writing a C++ program to use the Kasiski method to crack the Vigenère cipher. I'm testing it with a bit of Shakespeare encrypted with the key ABCDEFGHIJKL. It ...
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### Secret key and Decryption oracle in the revised Fujisaki-Okamoto transformation

Recently, Fujisaki and Okamoto provided a revised version of the Fujisaki-Okamoto transformation [1], a generic transformation for achieving IND-CCA2 security in the Random Oracle model. This new ...
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### Tweaked Square Roots and Rabin-Williams

I'm reading Bernstein's RSA signatures and Rabin–Williams signatures: the state of the art. In section 6, Bernstein states: Recall that Rabin’s system needed to try several values of r, on ...
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### RSA public key recovery from signatures

Is it possible (how) to recover public (512 bit long) RSA key from multiple signatures having corresponding plain texts. Padding is not randomized. I need it to verify any future message comming from ...
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### Is there a cryptographic algorithm which is immune to side channel attacks?

Is there any cryptographic algorithm immune to side channel attacks based on scan chain? In VLSI point of view.
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### Is there any real practical group signature scheme deployed?

Groups signatures are a crypto primitive introduced in order to guarantee anonymity on signatures constructed by a group of people. Since there introduction and there exhaustive security requirements ...
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### Converting ECC Code from python to Java. Extended Euclidean Algorithm not working. [closed]

I'm in the process of converting a Python program I found for calculating ECDSA public keypairs from a given private key. In this particular case it's on the Bitcoin curve. ...