# All Questions

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### What effect does a salt have on attacks against hashes's fundamental properties?

I am interested in analyzing how adding a salt to our hashed passwords affects the three types of attacks we can use. The three types of attacks against hashes are as follows: We have the hashed ...
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### Do most TLS 1.2 implementations express curves in a canonical form when performing EC arithmetic?

Sorry if this is a silly question, but does anyone know if the cryptographic libraries which implement TLS 1.2 for Firefox, Chrome, etc. express a given curve in a canonical form (i.e. one of ...
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### Caculated time One Point Multiplication with double and method

I am using double and add method for point multiplication in affine coordinates. How we compute 1PM in double and method? Di Wang said one point multiplication consists of repeated addition and ...
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### How to design a deliberately weak PRNG for experimentation?

I'm looking for a PRNG that is deliberately weak, that is, follows a set of rules stochasticly. For example: Encounters a set of bits that is a multiple of X, starts exhibiting bias, or starts to ...
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### How can we define division operation by using Fully homomorphic encryption

Last fews months, I'm working with homomorphic encryption. Now I am dealing with some computational problems with integers or real-numbers (like arithmetic mean, standard deviation) where division is ...
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### Vulnerabilities in specifying the hash algorithm used for signature verification on a per-message basis

Let's say that I have a 4096-bit RSA key and when I sign data, I typically use SHA-512. As far as I understand it, the hash algorithm used to sign/verify a message is specified in the message. If a ...
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### Gaussian distribution in lattices

In many lattice based cryptosystems, Gaussian distribution is used. Can you explain why only Gaussian distribution is preferred?
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### How are the attributes of a user authenticated in attribute-based encryption?

It seems that the papers I am reading do not talk much about this point. That is how the attributes of a user are authenticated in ABE system. To my understanding, there is an attribute authority (AA)...
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### How is the root certificate transmitted to pc?

i understand that the purpose of root certificates and CA's is to ensure that the communication parties are who they say they are. But how is the root certificate acquired? Is it not possible that ...
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### Single-algorithm authenticated encryption

Are there any authenticated encryption methods that combine encryption and authentication, rather than useing a separate cipher and MAC?
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### How Diffie-Hellman authentication works? [duplicate]

There are a lot of good videos on a simple Diffie-Hellman in the internet but unfortunately that is susceptible to the MITM attack. I understand how with DH the two parties are able to calculate a ...
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### Data integrity using steganographic methods

I am looking for a lightweight and fast (almost real time) data integrity checker for a very time critical application. Is it possible to provide data integrity using a steganographic method, lets say ...
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### Attribute based access control and role based, online bookstore example

I am asked to answer a question that says: One online book-store wants to grand access to clients regarding their subscription. There are 3 types of subscriptions A , B and C. Customers get access ...
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### Security of a parallelizable block cipher mode

This is the scheme of a parallelizable block cipher mode of operation: $IV$ is the initialization vector. $BN$ is the zero-based index number of a block in a stream of data. $BT$ is the tweak that ...
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### Why do we need Diffie Hellman?

Diffie–Hellman offers secure key exchange only if sides are authenticated. For authentication, sides are using public/private key. So if side A knows the public key of the side B, then A can simply ...
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### Determining collision resistance of a function?

I am having trouble trying to understand if the function is collision resistant. As I understand it, preimage resistance means that it is hard for an adversary to find two messages that produce the ...