# All Questions

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### Encrypted vs unencrypted digital signatures [duplicate]

Is there a difference in terms of security between An encrypted stream of bits obtained by encrypting a plaintext concatenated with it's signature $C = E_k(plaintext||\sigma)$ where $E$ is a ...
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### A “one time pad” can be thought of a Vigenere cipher with

A "One Time Pad" can be thought of a Vigenere cipher with... An infinitely long key A secure symmetric key Multiple ciphertext alphabets A columnar transposition I had this question come up ...
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### Hash email address with a non-random salt for moderate security?

Crypto noob here. I have an application that has only moderate security requirements (internal use, limited audience). I want to send a unique url with a token in it to each user. If anyone has the ...
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### Why can't I reverse a hash to a possible input?

I'm going to provide “proof” why a hash function can be reversed, and I hope you can tell my why I'm wrong So, a hash function can be implemented as a series of logic gates. All logic gates can be ...
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### When would you use KP-ABE over CP-ABE?

When would you use KP-ABE over CP-ABE or vice versa? I started this question as I am having problems abstracting the pros and cons between KPABE and CPABE. This is not an assignment question. I have ...
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### References for combining LFSRs with different lengths and taps? [closed]

I started learning streams ciphers with the use of LFSRs. Therefore, I tried to simulate what I am learning in a C sourcecode, which combines three registers and ...
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### How to sign an elliptic curve point using an ECC signature scheme?

In Schnorr based ECC signature scheme, a message $M$ is signed with the private key $\mathit{sk}$ as $$s=\mathit{sk}\cdot h(M,R)+k$$ where $R=k\cdot P$ and $P$ is a base point. If $M$ is a point ...
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### With AES-GCM, can the encrypted and non-encrypted parts be hashed separately? [duplicate]

The hash function in AES-GCM takes encrypted and unencrypted parts. Can the two parts be provided in either order? I'm wondering whether there is any fun with $GF(2^{128})$ that can be done to ...
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### Is it true that 7zip doesn't use any salt with its KDF?

This issue claims that 7zip does not use any salt with its key derivation function: https://github.com/magnumripper/JohnTheRipper/issues/1679 If that's true, wouldn't that mean you can crack multiple ...
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### Modular arithmetics in diffie-hellman

Studying the basics of Diffie-Hellman key exchange, I'm stuck at a basic operation used in the end of the key exchange (where you show that both computations actually are the same). Can someone ...
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### IV re-use for Salsa20 [duplicate]

Are their any specific requirements for the IV when using Salsa20? Is it for example allowed to re-use the same IV when encrypting with the same session key? Should the IV be random? etc I tried to ...
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### Are there key collisions in AES-192, AES-256?

Suppose we have a single, fixed plaintext block $p$ of 128 bits. Call the set of all possible 128 bit blocks $B$. We could define fixed plaintext AES-128 as a function $f(k) \to B$ that takes a 128 ...
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### Find a constant $C$ in $O(Cn^2)$?

I am writing a paper on RSA, and I am calculating some encryption running times. I have been told that the encryption running time is $O(n^2)$ where $n$ is the modulus. I have also been told that ...
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### How many polynomials are used in Secure Multiparty Computation?

Secure Multiparty Computation based on Samir Secret sharing methods rely on Polynomials. Imagine corpus of data should be outsourced to bunch of untrusted servers for any computations. Now the data ...
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### Private and Public Keys

I have a very basic understanding of encryption and the encapsulation process, but for the life of me I can't grasp how public keys and private keys work, how they're made, and how they're exchanged. ...
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### Why does HKDF use HMAC(salt, key) instead of HMAC(key, salt)?

I've been looking over the HKDF specs (RFC 5869), and something I noticed is that in the key and salt are reversed: ...
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### Can several run of a semi-honest protocol be used to infer malicious security?

In the ideal world, $A$ sends several inputs $x_1,...,x_\lambda$ to the functionality and $B$ sends input $y$. Functionality sends $f(x_1,y),...,f(x_\lambda,y)$ to $A$ and nothing to $B$. Suppose ...
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### What is the difference between “securely realizes” and “securely implements”?

In some security proofs it is stated that "a protocol securely realizes an ideal functionality" while in some others "a protocol securely implements an ideal functionality". Is there a meaningful ...
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### Is there a standardized tree hash?

SHA-1, SHA-2, and the standardized version of SHA-3 are all sequential. This is impractical for hashing very large files distributed across machines. Any sequential hash can be straightforwardly ...
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### Hardware Random Numbers - How to convert Voltage signal into binary?

I have a physical unit, e.g. a resistor. I bias it with current and measure the voltage. Let us assume that the fluctuations ($\Delta V=V-<V>$) of this voltage signal are random. Now, $\Delta V$ ...
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### Remotely Verify File Timestamp

I'm working for a professor to build a platform for students to take midterms and finals online. The student downloads the test during class (when the professor makes the test available on the server ...
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### Is it possible for a simulator to always abort?

In this paper of J. Baron, et al. (PDF), simulator always aborts the ideal functionality before client outputs its pattern-matching result obtained from the ideal functionality. (See bottom of page ...
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### Why is the XOR of plaintexts equal to the XOR of ciphertexts with a two time pad?

I have been working in the vulnerabilities of the Two Time Pad. So i found in a lot of places, StackExchange included saying, that if two plain texts are encrypted (using XOR) with the same key the ...
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### How does generating random numbers “remove entropy from your system”?

In a previous question, I quoted the --gen-random entry in the GPG Man Pages. At the end it says: PLEASE, don’t use this command unless you know what you are ...
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### gpg --gen-random quality level: is higher “better”?

The GNU Privacy Guard manual pages have this to say about using the gpg --gen-random 0|1|2 count command: Emit count random bytes of the given quality level 0, ...
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### For a given PlainText-CipherText pair how many valid keys are there in AES?

For $PT\in \mathbb{M}$ and $CT\in \mathbb{C}$, let $\mathbb{F}=\{f|f:\mathbb{M}\rightarrow\mathbb{C}\}$ be the collection of all functions from $\mathbb{M}$ to $\mathbb{C}$. Then AES encryption under ...
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### Is this a correct way of use symmetric encryption?

If I want to encrypt some block of text in AES, but at the time of decryption I don't have a way to check if the symmetric key is the correct one. So I: Generate a randomKey, and use that to encrypt ...