# All Questions

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### Are AES-256's related-key weaknesses exploitable if it is used to build a hash?

Assume it is made a hash based on AES-256 encryption (perhaps because this is hardware-accelerated, but no standard hash is); and it is used the Merkle–Damgård structure, that is padding of the ...
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### Are there any elliptic curve asymmetric encryption algorithms?

RSA offers the functionality of encrypting (short messages, or symmetric keys) with a public key, and decrypting with a private key. However, RSA key generation is extremely expensive, especially for ...
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### Block cipher and parity of permutation

Can anyone explain the following text passage to me? Most real-world block ciphers build even permutations, because it's hard to build odd ones using small operations (32 bit) on larger (128 ...
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### Does AES-128 have the same strength as AES-256 with a padded key?

When I use the same 128-bit key for AES-128 and AES-256 with a known/public padding for the latter, is there some weakness in AES-256 that is not present in AES-128 with essentially the same key? ...
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### Is there a simple zero knowledge proof of $x$ for $b=x^x\pmod p$?

We have a multiplicative cyclic group $G$ which is a subgroup of $(\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z})∗$. There are two parties, Alice and Bob: If: Alice knows: $b$ and $x$ such that $x^x = b$; Bob knows: $b$. ...
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### Does IKEv2 protocol have two modes like IKE

IKE Protocol have 2 modes, that modes have different structure. Does IKEv2 protocol have two modes like IKE.
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### Positioning of keys in encrypted text

I'm just looking at very simple encryption. I've noticed that the key is typically either at the front or at the back of the encrypted text. This is quite easy to break if you know the key. It can ...
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### Why does HMAC need a fixed length padding?

As everybody knows in order to calculate HMAC we have to concatenate padding to the message. I am just curious why the padding needs to be fixed-length. Why do we need the blocksize parameter here? ...
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### What is a 'secret key factory'? What precisely is it doing? [closed]

I have found a Java implementation of AES CBC mode that runs in Netbeans. The lines below appear to create the key from password and salt: ...
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### Attack of an RSA signature scheme using PKCS#1 v1.5 encryption padding

My best interpretation of this question is that Java's crypto API has been subverted to perform RSA signature using PKCS#1 v1.5 encryption padding. Assume the signature $S$ of a message $M$ is ...
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### Exchanging Keyspace and Message space in PRF

Suppose there is a secure PRF $F: K \times X \to Y$. Then is $F': X \times K \to Y$, defined by $F'(x,k):=F(k,x)$, a secure PRF? In my opinion it should be because exchanging the keyspace with ...
306 views

### Does ElGamal Encryption create a different key for each block sent?

I ask about ElGamal algorithm. Is ElGamal algorithm used new key for each encryption process. in other word it should we use new key for each chunk? For example, if we have message that has four block ...
327 views

### How to select $g$ in Paillier Cryptosystem

For my cryptography class project in university I have selected Paillier Cryptosystem as a course project ...
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### does re-encrypting the same value with multiple keys reduce security

I found myself wondering today, how much security is lost if you take a plaintext - assume that its content, including any metadata is unknown to an attacker, for example it may be random data - and ...
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### Homomorphic Encryption and Semantic Security using Lattices?

I've been reading Brakerski and Vaikuntanathan's "Efficient Fully Homomorphic Encryption from (Standard) LWE" and I'm still digesting pieces at a time. Under section 1.1, "Re-Linearization: Somewhat ...
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### How to make sure the pre-agreed information safe for DH-Key Exchange

The definition of DH key exchange was given as the method let two authenticate each other & exchange the crypto key over an insecure channel. DH-key-exchange was innovated to defence ...
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### implementing a cryptographic hash with a block cipher [duplicate]

How can a cryptographic hash function be implemented/created using the block cipher? I was wondering if we can use AES in cipher block chaining mode to implement it.
209 views

### PRP, PRF and modular arithmetic

Are there any arithmetic or mathematical functions that can be used as PRPs or PRFs ? Since, Conventional block ciphers like AES are that are proven to be good PRPs are not based on mathematics but ...
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### How do they implement MAC in TLS?

I recently read questions about "MAC then Encrypt/Encrypt then MAC" which made me curious about how they actually use the algorithm. MAC only calculated once either case (according to what I read). ...
2k views

### Simply put, what does perfect secrecy means?

I would like to ask for a clear (but maybe not so deep) explanation of what the term "perfect secrecy" means. As far as I have researched and understood, it has to do with probabilities of assuming ...
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### Perfect Forward Secrecy in TLS

I read that TLS does PFS using Diffie Hellman. However, DH can be used even without certificates - so how is DHE-RSA better than plain DHE? Is DHE a insecure algorithm, that DHE-RSA is needed?
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### Given a message and signature, find a public key that makes the signature valid (ECDSA)

This question is a variant on Given a message and signature, find a public key that makes the signature valid, which discusses the analogous question for RSA. It was suggested to me by this post over ...
245 views

### How secure is the knapsack?

Can the knapsack be used in cryptography in a secure sense (described below)? Knapsack problem: Given some number $X$ and a set $W$ of weights $w_1, w_2, ... w_n$, find a subset $S$ of $W$ (if it ...
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### Is there an algorithm to check if an elliptic curve is secure?

As I understand it elliptic curves are of the form $y^2 = x^3 + ax + b$ Where $a$ and $b$ are the curve parameters. However not all parameters will give a curve suitable for crypto purposes. Is there ...
156 views

### Generate a new public/private key pair for each new message?

When using PGP type public encrypted communication, would it be a good idea to generate a new public for each message and attach that in the new public key in the reply to back to sender mail body? ...
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### What is difference between PRG, PRF, and PRP

Until what I have gotten is: A PRG is generator is a part of PRF that produces pseudo-random values for the function. PRF is semantically secure and has no worries of being invertible. Fine, then ...
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### Showing that security of a elgamal invariant is insecure

Original Elgamal signature is defined $S(m, \alpha) = (r, s)$, where $$r = g^k \bmod p$$ $$s = (m – r*α)k^{-1} \bmod (p – 1)$$ more information on Elgamal signature can be found here. Variant ...
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### Difference between plain AES CTR and “CCM-style” CTR

I am trying to adapt the following function from SJCL, which does "AES-CCM" style CTR encryption, to do "pure CTR" encryption. I am playing around with SIV and would rather use this well-reviewed ...
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### cryptography and use of python programming language [closed]

why is it recommended to write cryptography programs ,for example crypt-analysis projects with python programming language? what is the advantages of python? why not use c or any other language?
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### How to keep phi(n) secret in RSA?

As we know, RSA cryptosystem have both private key(a,p,q) and public key(b,n), by chinese remainder theorem and fermat's little theorem, we know that the importance of keep p and q secret, and from ...
203 views

### Why does this square root algorithm work?

I've been doing some elliptic curve cryptography, and a library I'm using has this slightly bizarre algorithm for computing modular square roots: Let $x$ be some quadratic residue modulo $p$ for some ...
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### How we transfer 128bits cipher to a 4x4 matrix for AES input?

Why the input cipher for AES encryption, can write in 4x4 matrix with 8 bits entires, and can said is 128bits? if each cell is 8bits in binary, how we said this matrix is represent 128bits?
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### Threshold signatures vs. certificate authority+voting verification

Perhaps a silly question, but I am wondering what the advantages are of threshold signatures. Let's consider the following two signature schemes: $(t,n)$-threshold signature with a trusted dealer, ...
123 views

### Security of this deterministic encryption scheme

I recently came across a library that promises to do deterministic encryption with the following scheme: AES with 256 bit key in CBC mode with PKCS7 padding and Synthetic Initialization vector ...
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### Index of coincidence for completely random text over k alphabets

I'm confused about /Friedman's method 2 (using a table with column of k size of key, and n/k rows, n is the total size for cipher text) m = ...
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### Why does Fortuna (RNG) require entropy sources to specify accumulator pool?

Re-reading my copy of Cryptography Engineering for the holidays, I was struck by the following question about the Fortuna RNG: Why require an entropy source specify which pool a random event should ...
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### Why are Fortuna entropy pools reset after a reseed?

I've implemented LibTomCrypt's version of fortuna and am wondering about the pool resetting after a reseed. In fortuna.c in libtomcrypt we have the following (which is that part that adds the entropy ...
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### What are some disadvantages of homomorphic encryption schemes?

I'm doing some self-teaching / research for my own benefit in homomorphic cryptography. I've studied both additive and multiplicative schemes (Pallier and RSA respectively), but all I can seem to ...
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### Rotation table for 8 round DES

I'm trying to implement DES from scratch using the NIST paper and the Wikipedia article on DES. I got 16 round DES done, but I can't seem to get 8 round DES working. I figure it's because I got the ...
174 views

### An example of Knapsack Cryptosystem cracks/attacks?

I have been studying papers on various ways to crack the knapsack cryptosystem, unfortunately the mathematics in these papers involves lattices and LLL which is over my head. The paper "New Attacks ...
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### Is this a correct understanding of Universal Hash Functions?

I'm studying universal hash functions and have been reading several papers but now i'm focusing on Wegman and Carters original paper from 1979 (Universal classes of hash functions) and the H1 class. ...
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### AES-256 Shift-Rows Offsets

I am currently trying to implement a AES-256 cipher according to this sepcificaciton: http://techheap.packetizer.com/cryptography/encryption/spec.v36.pdf As well as on Wikipedia and in the document ...
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### Reliability of a single-pass deniable authentication protocol?

I look for one-pass deniable authentication protocol with a short message payload for my project and find a solution: ...
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### Will repeated rounds of SHA-512 provide random numbers?

If I hash a keyword with SHA-512 and then feed the output as the key for the next round ....and keep repeating this process, will I gather a stream of random numbers?