# All Questions

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### What is the purpose of update() in popular hash APIs?

E.g., in Python's hashlib, update() basically merges in string buffer functionality into the object. Several other digest APIs I've seen have this pattern. Considering this adds functionality that ...
190 views

### One-time pad, zero key and Shannon

I'm supposed to prove that OTP without the zero key $k=0^n$ is not perfectly secret anymore. I understand that it's not because an attacker learns something by looking at the plaintext and ciphertext. ...
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### Security assessment between $g^{a_ix_i+r_i}$ and $g^{x_i+r_i}$ [closed]

Imagine a tagging system whose security requirements imply to learn nothing from the tag about the encoded value. We consider a plaintext space $X \in \mathbb{Z}_p$ and a group $\mathbb{G}$ where ...
157 views

### Is AES-256 over AES-128 weakening the original encryption?

When transfering data using TLS the browser and server agree the cipher suite to be used - so for example this could be chosen as AES-128 and is (probably) outside of my control. If I separately ...
198 views

### Pseudorandom generator and AE-secure encryption

How would you answer the following question (I have to translate it from German): The existence of a pseudorandom generator implies the existence of a AE-Secure encryption scheme (AE = ...
166 views

### How can one encrypt with RSA (or ElGamal) without revealing whom the ciphertext is intended for?

Imagine Alice wants to encrypt for Bob and post this encryption publicly, so that only Bob can decrypt but no one can other than Alice or Bob tell that the message was encrypted for Bob. The naive ...
55 views

### Berlekamp-Massey algorithm, correct stepping

I'm trying to use the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm on the following bit sequence: 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 I have the correct answer and most of the approach to get there, but I'm unable to fill in what I ...
1k views

### encryption and decryption time for RSA-crt in java? [duplicate]

I try compute execution time for encrypt and decrypt data has 1024 bit = 128 byte in RSA-crt algorithm. I need this results. But I believe this result wrong. because big diffrent between execution ...
125 views

### Advantages to knowing $p$ and $q$ in Blum Blum Shub?

Do you gain any advantage by knowing the factorization of $M$ (over just knowing $M$ itself) in the Blum Blum Shub generator? The only advantage I see is being able to calculate the $i$-th number ...
144 views

### Is it possible to find data which makes sense when decrypted with different keys?

In theory, does a piece of data exist which, when encrypted (using any method) with a given key, makes some sense when decrypted with the wrong key? Here, a definition of "some sense" might be ...
377 views

### How random is the shared secret in the Diffie Hellman key agreement

How random is the value $ZZ$ in the DH protocol? This question was triggered by this somewhat naïve implementation in I2P shown by Sergei at Stackoverflow. Obviously $ZZ$ is distinguishable from a ...
103 views

### Ed25519 with R replaced by H(RAM)?

Ed25519 signatures consist of $(R, s)$, where $s = r + H(RAM)a$ $mod$ $l$, and $R = rB$. This differs from the Schnorr signature where instead of $R$, the signature contains the hash $h=H(RAM)$. ...
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### How is a Yubikey static password derived from the AES key?

When I configure a Yubikey slot as static, it's not documented or obvious how the static password yielded by a press relates to the AES key I set. For example: ...
125 views

### Berlekamp-Massey to construct minimal LFSR

Given the sequence 0010001111 (or any other, not homework, but exam practice), how do you use the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm to construct a minimal LFSR? I have read several definitions of how ...
179 views

### Pseudo-Hadamard transform, most significant bit

For clarification: The Pseudo-Hadamard transformation is a reversible transformation of a bit string that provides cryptographic diffusion. Splitting a bit string (with bit length of $2n$) into two ...
261 views

### Low complexity implementation of a small blocksize cipher (< 64 bit)

Searching for "small blocksize cipher" finds a number of discussions on the topic, mostly refering to FPE. This one in particular suggests using AES as the round function of a Feistel network. The ...
1k views

### Hash function in PBKDF2

From this excellent answer I learned (correct me if I am wrong) that when writing a block cipher with say key size 128 bit, one has to pad the password given (variable size) so that it becomes exactly ...
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### Constructing of 16x16 Involutory Binary Matrices of Branch Number 7

In the PDF “Algebraic Construction of 16×16 Binary Matrices of Branch Number 7 with One Fixed Point”, it was given that: ...
66 views

### P10 to P8 in S-DES

I am new to cryptography. During my learning I am facing a problem with S-DES. I am confused where P10 to P8 come from, and I’m ...
90 views

### Can I decrypt the message having it encrypted with different keys?

I have some encrypted binary data I want to decrypt. I know nothing about it, but I can get it encrypted with as many different (random, unknown) symmetric keys as I want. The keys are long enough to ...
96 views

### Is it possible to combine two operations rotation and xor?

I can see many xor and rotation operations in cryptography. I just want to make some algorithms fast. So, I'm looking for a way to combine between xor rotation operations. I don't know if it is ...
147 views

### Is Bitmessage a Mix network?

I've read the Bitmessage whitepaper and I found it rather lacking on the details, but it promises anonymous routing. Can it be considered a variation on mix-networks, where each peer acts as a ...
516 views

### What exactly is the base for the KECCAK (SHA3) claim that a security strength of 256 bits is “post-quantum sufficient”?

On page 14 of "Keccak and the SHA-3 Standardization" (February 6, 2013) it says: Instantiation of a sponge function the permutation KECCAK-f 7 permutations: b → ...
115 views

### Why has the sponge construction's generic collision finding attack a complexity of O(min(2^(-n/2) , 2^(-c/2)))?

I'm trying to learn about sponge function for creating hash functions and generic attacks on it. I'm looking for the collision finding attack scenario which leads to $O(\min(2^{-n/2} , 2^{-c/2}))$ ...
327 views

### Seed / reseed DRBG too often?

There are limits to how much you can use a the DRBG before you have to reseed it, but are there any limits to how much you must use it before reseeding? Take the following scenarios as an example… ...
381 views

### Cryptographically secure keyed rolling hash function

I could not find any mention on the Internet of a proven/known cryptographically secure keyed rolling hash function (ie rolling MAC). Has the question been studied, is it possible to build one ? By ...
76 views

### Key exchange if forward secrecy is not an issue

Let's say that we have a cryptosystem where Forward Secrecy and Man-In-The-Middle attacks are not an issue, purely hypothetically. Would it be correct for a key exchange with any given public-key ...
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### Is concatenated data hashed with scrypt vulunarable to a length extension attack?

scrypt takes a salt, and a password plus some cost paramters to generate a key. So say we define it as this: key = scrypt(password, salt, cost) I am interested ...
117 views

### Is there a number of tries after which Hashcash is guaranted to be solved?

Hashcash is a proof-of-work system in which the Sender needs to find $Y$ such as the first (let's say 20) bits of $H(X+Y)$ are zeros where $H$ is a one-way hash function, $X$ is a fixed value and $+$ ...
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### space complexity of quantum collision search

Is there a known way to reduce the space complexity of quantum collision search beyond what is offered by the built-in time-space tradeoff, while keeping the time complexity significantly below what ...
249 views

### How can I convert numbers into prime numbers?

I'm working with one-way accumulators, but I'm not knowledgable in cryptography. Is there an easy peasy way to hash numbers (or whatever) into prime numbers? Obviously I'd like it to be collision ...
102 views

### Changing a bit Changes Hash

I am very curious on the fact that SHA, MD5 and all related Hash Functions change the output even by changing one bit in input Message. Why is that?
230 views

### What is a generator?

I am trying to read up on the math behind DH and ran into the word generator used a lot. I am not sure what it means. Can someone explain? I see this question where the OP talks about g as the ...