# All Questions

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### Deriving a key for HMAC, using PBKDF2

What is the recommended way to derive a key for an HMAC-SHA256, from a passphrase and salt? I'd like to compute an HMAC-SHA256. I have a passphrase, and a message. I note that RFC-7518 (JWA) ...
1k views

### How does a non-prime modulus for Diffie-Hellman allow for a backdoor?

Recently someone found that a Diffie-Hellman modulus used in a unix tool (socat) was not prime. This led some people to shout "backdoor". What I don't understand ...
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### NIST HMAC Test vectors

I am searching test vectors of the HMAC-SHA256 primitive to verify the correctness of an implementation. Without hesitation I go on the NIST website to see what they offer. While reading the ...
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### Is this the correct procedure for cycle walking using an FPE?

To encrypt a value from a set (say a range of years from 1001 to 2001) Rank the set {0 = 1001, 1 = 1002, 2 = 1003...999 = 2001} Take the value you want to encrypt from the set (year = 1995) and ...
136 views

### How to determine if padding has been used while encrypting a message with RSA?

I am trying to decrypt a RSA encrypted text file. I have a 2048 bit public key. Analyzing the public key with openssl reveals the exponent used is 3. ...
111 views

### Classification of a stream cipher

How would one classify a stream cipher that is neither synchronous, nor self synchronizing? I would have thought asynchronous, but from all the sources I can find, asynchronous is synonymous with ...
55 views

I am wondering how to solve the problem below: Suppose we have a $MAC$ scheme $I=(S,V)$. There is another algorithm that can find a pair of texts $(m0,m1)$, with $m0≠m1$ such that $S(k,m0)=S(k,m1)$ ...
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### How does RIPEMD160 pad the message?

For RIPEMD hashing algorithm on hardware I am not exactly getting how padding works So as per my understanding padding will work like explained below: For ripemd 160 message should be multiple of ...
5k views

### Can you explain “weak keys” for DES?

A weak key for DES is a key $K$ such that $DES_{k_1}(DES_{k_2}(x))=x$ for all $x$. I don't get why are the 4 keys $k_1||k_2$: $1^{112}$, $0^{112}$, $0^{56}||1^{56}$, $1^{56}||0^{56}$ considered as ...
122 views

### Algorithms for Cyrillic encryption

I am working on a cryptography application which is to be used in my country. I tried looking up to see if there are any algorithms that support the Cyrillic alphabet, but I found none. Do you know of ...
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### Are there any practical methods of steganography?

There isn't a whole lot of information on steganography in the modern age, from what I can tell. A google search for steganography usually brings up a list of very impractical methods (e.g. tattooing ...
399 views

### MiTM on RSA public key encryption

a) Alice just generated a new pair of public and private RSA keys (pkA , skA ) = ((N, e), d) and would like to start a private conversation with Bob. How can Alice interact with Bob and exchange a ...
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### Key exchange and man in the middle issue. Secure solution

I am trying to design MiTM protected key exchange algorithm. For instance I am using RSA asymmetric keys. Alice and Bob respectively have each their own pair of keys. And they should be able to ...
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### Side channel security of HMAC in software

Assume we have a processor with a symmetric co-processor that supports AES. This processor does however not provide co-processor support for hash algorithms such as SHA-1 or SHA-256. I've got the ...
89 views

### What is the correct name for bytes which are to be signed?

I have some bytes, and I sign them with my private key using ECDSA. The resultant (71) bytes are the signature. But what is the name of the bytes I have signed? (If this were encryption, they would ...
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### Secure blinding factor switching at malicious server-side (Switching in One Time pad)

Suppose all the values and operations are defined over a finite field $\mathbb{F}_p$ where $p$ is a large prime number. Assume all values are non-zero. Here $(z)^{-1}$ denotes multiplicative inverse ...
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### Advantages of making streamcipher stream depend on plaintext?

Most descriptions that explain how streamciphers work (like the one on Wikipedia), tend to describe a model that boils down to a simple “$ciphertext = plaintext \oplus stream$”, where the stream is ...
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### how to define the Truncated Polynomial?

In NTRUEncryption, I seen the trucated polynimials, but I cannot understand the trunacated polynomial calculation. So, could tell me anyone How do we calculate the truncated polynomial?