# All Questions

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### Can RSA signing be implemented on top of RSA encryption/decryption?

I need to use RSA-SHA256 signing. Unfortunately not all Microsoft CryptoAPI providers support that. It's possible that I might get a handle to a CryptoAPI provider that can just encrypt/decrypt with ...
360 views

### what are the security benefits of LUKS?

Aremed with only basic crypto knowledge, I'm trying to understand the security benefits of LUKS over plain-mode dm-crypt. Hopefully this is a good place to ask. Given the LUKS header contains ...
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### How to perform frequency analysis of a substitution cipher using a Base64 alphabet

Let's imagine a cipher that works like the following: Plaintext is encoded to Base64. The characters in the encoded plaintext are substituted with a randomly shuffled character set(A-z, 0-9, -, _, ...
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### Hybrid fair exchange protocol

A gradual fair exchange (layman term) is a form of fair exchange protocol where Alice will transfer 1 bit to Bob then Bob will transfer 1 bit to Alice. The flaw with this protocol is that the party ...
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### openssl - Recommended way to encrypt and sign S/MIME messages using openssl

OpenSSL has two command line tools, cms and smime, that can encrypt and sign S/MIME messages. Both can specify ciphers and ...
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### Why is there an extra block when encrypting? [on hold]

I am passing input data 20 bytes long and java AES-CBC returns 48 bytes instead of 32 which is what I think it should output because of padding. My key is 16 bytes long. ...
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### Do OpenPGP SmartCards have the same or better security than an air-gapped machine?

Are OpenPGP SmartCards, such as the OpenPGP SmartCard V2, suitable enough to have secure communications? Meaning, if I connect my smart card to my Mac which is connected to the internet and always ...
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### RSA: Fermat-Euler Theorem - coprimality of message and modulus [duplicate]

I understand the implication of the Fermat-Euler theorem and how it applies to RSA and the detailed explanation by user Ninefingers at What is the relation between RSA & Fermat's little ...
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### The number of surviving key after “Meet in the middle stage” in 3-subset MITM attack

In 3-subset Meet in the middle attack, how can we calculate the number of surviving key after meet in the middle stage? and how can we calculate the complexity of Key testing stage? I have read about ...
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### Signature scheme doesn't seem to hold

I can't seem to verify the signature scheme described below. Key Generation Public Key: $$y_1=g^{a_1}y^{a_2} \pmod p$$ $$y_2=g^{b_1}y^{b_2} \pmod p$$ $g$ denotes a generator of $Z_p^*$ and $y$ ...
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### What does $\mathbb Z_p^*$ contain?

I have a prime $p = 7$ and was tasked to select a random value in $\mathbb Z_p^*$ in my signature scheme. What does the full range of $\mathbb Z_p^*$ contain in this case? Is it $\{0...7\}$ or ...
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### As a cryptographer, what are the things I should care about in my implementation of pairing functions?

As a beginner in cryptography, I do not know anything about different pairing types more than their names. So far, I know these names: Ate pairing, tate pairing, eta pairing, and r-ate pairing. I am ...
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### Why is g is less than p in Diffie-Hellman?

In non-authenticated DH, p and g are made as public record. p needs to be a large prime number and g should be smaller than p. Why does g need to be smaller than p?
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### Why do we need to compute message digest of a message first while signing it?

Why it is more efficient to compute a message digest of message and digitally sign it then, rather than sign the message directly?
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### recommendation to see documentaries about history of cryptography

Can anybody recommend any good documentaries which go into some history about cryptography and state of cryptography as of date ? I am not asking for favorites or subjective good documentaries but ...
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### What is the value of Q such that Q|P-1 where P is a prime number?

For my crypto assignment, I'm asked to enter a prime P and generate Q such that Q|P-1 Can anyone guide me what is Q|P-1?
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### Which attacks are possible against raw/textbook RSA?

The PKCS#1 standard defines multiple padding schemes for signature generation/verification (EMSA-PSS and EMSA-PKCS1-v1_5), and encryption/decryption (EME-OAEP and the less safe EME-PKCS1-v1_5). ...
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### Random Permutation polynomial

I need to know, please: (1) Is there anyway to pick uniformly at random permutation polynomial in a field of prime order? (2) Are there many permutation polynomials in a field? (3) In a finite ...
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### Available programs that can verify the working of a simple substitution cipher

Is there any tool available that can test whether a simple substitution cipher is working. I will put my scenario in detail. Lets say I built a simple substitution cipher that maps 8 bit data to 16 ...
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### Franklin-Reiter related message attack m2 = a(m1)+b

As shown in their paper, https://www.cs.unc.edu/~reiter/papers/1996/Eurocrypt.pdf, if one is given an equation relating the two messages m1 and m2 as well as other information one can crack both the ...
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### Are there some problems to use pseudo-random number generator in Smart Card?

A Smart Card is a kind of secure device, with limited storage capacity and computational resource. If we use a Pseudo-Random Number Generator to generate random numbers in a Smart Card, then is there ...
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### Repeated XOR decryption [closed]

I have this message in Hex: ...
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### Davies-Meyer Hash Function

So the Davies-Meyer Hash Function is: Hi = Hi−1 ⊕ exi (Hi−1) Say I pick H0 = 1110 0011 And the message x1 = "5" or "0000 0101" Is this the correct way to compute H1? H1 = 1110 0011 ⊕ (0000 0101 ⊕ ...
177 views

### Zero Knowledge Example using discrete log

I've been exploring Zero Knowledge Proofs and while the classic cave example by Jean-Jacques Quisquater makes sense, I find the discrete log example problematic. Since the Verifier is given p, g and ...
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### Is it possible to decrypt the entire message with one half of the key in this example?

In this scheme, a 256 bit key is split into two 128 bit sub-keys. Message blocks are 256 bits and are also split into two sub-blocks. Before encryption, each sub-block is xor'd with it's partner and ...
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### Is it possible to add OpenSSL engine for a block algorithm with different input and output block size?

I need to add a new symmetric cryptography algorithm to OpenSSL, and I thought that the best way to do it is via its engine API. This algorithm will later be used by an application via the OpenSSL ...
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### What does “circuits” mean in Cryptography?

I am not a hardcore cryptographer so this might be a really stupid question. I am looking through some papers in homomorphic encryption and discovered they describe computation as "circuits", why do ...
Alice has a value $a$ and she signs it using her secret key $d_1$ as: $s_1 = (r_1 * g^a)^{d_1} \bmod p$, and Bob has a value $b$ and he signs it using his secret key $d_2$ as: \$s_2 = (r_2 * g^b)^{d_2} ...