# All Questions

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### How is the AddRoundKey operation performed in AES-256?

Can anyone explain to me (or send a link to somewhere) how round keys are added in AES-256? I understand that the round keys is added to the state matrix for each round and how XOR works. But since ...
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### Cyclic group collision resistant keyed cryptographic hash function

I am self-studying cryptography from a book and have come across a really difficult question that's doing my head in. I would be very grateful if somebody can help me out here with this difficult ...
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### Elliptic Curve ElGamal and DSA - smooth group order and element of large prime order

In regular ElGamal and DSA, we choose large primes $p$ and $q$ such that $p\equiv 1\pmod{q}$, and a group element $g$ of order $q$ by computing $a^{(p-1)/q}$ for some random $a$. This is to prevent ...
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### RSA incorrectly translates for small keys [duplicate]

I've been learning about RSA and wrote my own implementation. I don't pretend to have intuitive understanding of RSA or that I understand why it works, but I believe to have some basic understanding ...
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### Adding parameters to sponge's capacity

Is it safe to XOR parameters like domain, length of the message or block counter into sponge's capacity or that gives attacker control over capacity? For example NORX XORs domain into capacity. Does ...
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### DES: How to find the Inverse of the Initial Permutation?

I am doing a DES problem by hand and I want to know how you calculate the inverse of the initial permutation. I know what the permutation is, but how do you find it based off the given initial ...
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### Data Leakage and Data Switching

I have two secret values $a$ and $b$ (i.e. they are arbitrary values). I mask them as follow: $v_1=r_1a+r_2$ $v_2=r_1(b-a)$ where $r_1$ and $r_2$ are uniformly random values. I send $v_1$ and $v_2$ ...
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### Hash functions vs Stream Ciphers in terms of Speed

We know that it's possible to create a hash using a stream cipher (for instance, RC4 or AES in Counter Mode). As stated here: "A Pseudo Random Generator (PRG) and a hash function are both Pseudo ...
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### comparison of security for identity based signature and Hashing (SHA-1) the identities

I would like to know which method can provide better security: using identity based signature or hashing the identities and message (using SHA-1) for authentication?
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### How to apply linear cryptanalysis to PRESENT?

Can someone help me implement linear cryptanalysis of the PRESENT block cipher? How should I start with 64 bits of plaintext and 80 bits of key?
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### Seeking an implementation of the Satoh algorithm for elliptical curve point counting

I would be very grateful if someone has an implementation of the Satoh algorithm (Fast Elliptic Curve Point Counting). Can someone point me to practical algorithm implementations or provide some ...
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### Generating keys in RSA [duplicate]

I'm trying to learn how RSA works. From what I found online, I'm supposed to generate private key using Extended Euclidean algorithm. I've managed to generate the public key, but don't know how to ...
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### How to tell if a hardware RNG is rigged?

On a related note of building my own RNG, as someone suggested to use several commericial solutions how can I check if it is rigged against me? (although I am still strongly biased to a homebrew ...
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### Execution time for HMAC-MD5 on a 160 bit data using 128 bit key on a 3GHz CPU [closed]

I need to know the execution time for HMAC -MD5 for a 160 bit data using 128 bit key on a 3 Ghz CPU, kindly specify other parameters of the machine like RAM, operating system used etc
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### How to determine if padding has been used while encrypting a message with RSA?

I am trying to decrypt a RSA encrypted text file. I have a 2048 bit public key. Analyzing the public key with openssl reveals the exponent used is 3. ...
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### Is my pin algorithm secure?

I'm a hobby programmer and very new to this field. I opened a bank account recently and got two pins. One for the girocard and the other for a creditcard. And I needed two more pins for the online ...
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### Cost of attack on DSA with attack on DLP

Are there any (recent) estimates of cost of attack on DSA by solving the discrete logarithm? I'm especially interested in attacks that use Pollard's rho algorithm. Are there any optimized ...
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### 802.1X Radius WLAN protected by certificate 1024-bit key

I want to ask you a question. I have WPA-2 (enterprise) network. Also called as 802.1x. I use the Linux Zeroshell distribution, which is optimized for these services. Linux Zeroshell is provides a ...
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### Security analysis of this one time password based scheme for copy protection

Imagine such protocol. Client and server initially share secret K[0]. When client wants to contact server she sends server K[0] and her ID. Server accepts request, and generated new random K[1] and ...
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### Which algorithm would be ideal for ephermal key generation followed by DH key exchange?

Bob and Alice, both generate a temporary public key pair each using X algorithm on their individual PC. After being authenticated by a third party, they use the DHE to come to get a common symmetric ...
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### On AES, is a true random string enough for a key?

The string (32 ASCII characters) is entered by a human, and considered truly random. Should a key derive from this string, or it is secure to use this string as a key directly? In other words, does ...
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### How to compute projective cordinate Z in elliptic curve cryptography?

I was working on affine coordinates and struggling with the computation time taken for operations and then I was advised to use projective coordinates so that mul-inverse operation can be avoided Can ...
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### Does Coppersmith's method always finds non-trivial factor of integers of the form $n=a(2^k b+1)$ assuming $1 < a<2^k b +1$ and $b < n^{1/4-0.05}$?

Crossposted from mathoverflow. Got an argument and numeric evidence that pari's implementation of Coppersmith's method finds non trivial factor of integers of certain form under some assumptions very ...
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### Public key exponent coprime with totient proof

I read this question a while back (In RSA, why is it important choosing e so that it is coprime to φ(n)?). I was wondering whether there is a proof that shows that a public key exponent e that is ...
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### What do you mean by Ciphertext indistinguishability [duplicate]

Wiki definition : A cryptosystem is considered secure in terms of indistinguishability if no adversary, given an encryption of a message randomly chosen from a two-element message space ...
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### Why is hybrid encryption more effective than other encryption scheme?

Currently I am learning about Hybrid Encryption but I was not able to find any good study material. Below is my understanding: One of the reason why we use ...
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### Information theoretical security of an inefficient Shamir based access structure

I have studied Sharmir's scheme as well as the multiple assignment scheme proposed by M. Ito. My question is if anyone can tell me if the following scheme is theoretically secure: Terms: P = set of ...
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### How to show CPA attacker does not need access to encryption oracle after receiving cyphertext

In the private key CPA game, the attacker has access to an encryption oracle anytime during the attack. However, I have seen this statement in lecture notes I downloaded "You can prove that for ...
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### How does darkmail (DIME) work to hide email metadata?

While Email encryption can protect the content of an email, the metadata are still readable and can be used to gather important information about the sender and the receiver. There were several news ...
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### What are the negative consequences for choosing 8 S-boxes for DES vs 1 S-box for AES?

DES has 8 different S-boxes, and AES has only 1. What are the negative consequences of such choices?
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### Why is it that in DSA, the order of the subgroup, $q$, is chosen such that it divides $p - 1$?

Consider the DSA key generation: A large prime $p$ is chosen; A smaller modulus $q$ is chosen such that $p - 1$ is a multiple of $q$; A generator $g$ s.t. $\operatorname{ord}_p(g) = q$ is chosen. ...
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### MiTM on RSA public key encryption

a) Alice just generated a new pair of public and private RSA keys (pkA , skA ) = ((N, e), d) and would like to start a private conversation with Bob. How can Alice interact with Bob and exchange a ...
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### How is the ciphertext labeled with a set of attributes in Key-Policy Attribute-based Encryption (KP-ABE)

My question is about Key-Policy ABE (KP-ABE). What does it mean when a "Ciphertext is Labeled with set of attribute"? How is it labeled?
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### Blake2: truncate 512-bit hash is safer than 256-bit by Config?

I need to calculate 256-bit hash in my code, using BLAKE2. I know I can set BLAKE2 to generate itself a 256-bits hash for any data but I´m curious to know what can be safer and faster: 1- Create the ...
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### Structure for an introductory course on cryptography?

Many introductory courses on cryptography have their treatment of secret-key crypto start with OTP, then block ciphers, and for public-key cryptography revolve around RSA with no notion of padding (...
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### Message exchange with textbook RSA

I am working on this exercise but can't work out the answer to the question b. I have solved the question (a) by decrypting the ciphertext $C = 2$ using the formula:  M = C^d \bmod n = 2^{17} \bmod ...

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