# All Questions

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As always we are trying to improve password storage; before just adding new ways of storing our password we need to define what threats we will mitigate by adding in a new way to store our password. ...
332 views

### Plaintext XOR'd with keylength-shifted plaintext

While solving a (easy...) Project Euler cipher problem this week I repeatedly saw instructions for breaking ciphers after identifying the keylength as: 'shift the ciphertext by that key length and ...
78 views

### If I know the salt, can I decrypt the commitment?

Say, I salt my key(K) with y. So, my new Key is K' = Salt(K+y). Now, Alice sends commitment = E[K',M] to Bob. Bob knows the salt(y), but not K nor K'. Can Bob decrypt the message?
723 views

### How much extra information is in an RSA public key?

I'm trying to calculate the size of an RSA public key in Ruby. I've retrieved the key in PEM format, and once I've decoded the base64 part from the PEM format, I get the size in bytes. What I find is ...
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### Is AES_CMAC specified to double ciphered zeroes during initialization?

Reading the SIV RFC https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5297#page-9, I found that the S2V function starts by calculating the MAC of a "zero" block, doubles it and then XORs further data to the result. Now ...
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### How to use HMAC for authenticating multiple messages

The standard HMAC function, $H(K, m)$, authenticates a single message $m$. Instead, I'd like to authenticate 2 messages, like this: $$H'(K, m_1, m_2)$$ The simplest solution, $H(K, m_1||m_2)$, ...
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### Is the DES F-function injective for a given subkey?

Is it possible for two different half-block inputs to the DES F-function, with the same round subkey, to produce the same output? That is, if we feed two different half-block inputs $b_1$ and $b_2$ ...
312 views

### Does RSA operate over a Finite Field (Galois Field)?

Is it correct to say that RSA operates over a Finite Field (Galois Field)? In this case GF(p)? I do understant that the modulo in RSA is not itself a prime number, but all the operations ...
488 views

### PRNG determinism (and java.security.SecureRandom)

Looking at getDefaultPRNG() in java.security.SecureRandom makes me very unsure about how to use it. On my desktop, it uses sun.security.provider.NativePRNG, which reads from ...
215 views

### can anyone give the java code to encrypt files using paillier [closed]

I want to implement encryption on personal files using paillier encryption. Is it possible to encrypt files using this encryption..
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### emulating progressive encryption with RC4 / OpenSSL

PHP's OpenSSL bindings do not support progressive encryption by default. ie. if you do ...
112 views

### Possible to know who is the owner of a message encrypted with RSA public key

Given the scenario in which I want to send 10 messages either to Stalio or Olio. I encrypt these messages with their respective public keys using textbook RSA, before sending the messages to their ...
119 views

### Preventing Quantum Attacks on Cryptography [duplicate]

With the advancement of technology in quantum computing, it's becoming more evident that we need to start thinking about protecting the future integrity of our cryptographic standards. What can we do ...
656 views

### Advanced Access Content System (AACS) and Subset Difference techniques for Broadcast Encryption

I'm trying to get a grasp on AACS and Subset Difference for a project I'm working on and am having a hard time coming up with a technically valid layman explanation, let alone implementation. Is it ...
208 views

### efficient authentication with broadcast encryption?

(I am not a crypto expert, so I apologize if the terminology I use is incorrect.) Suppose I have the following simple broadcast encryption scheme for securely sending content to $n$ authorized ...
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### Use of the master key in Delerablée's Identity-based Broadcast Encryption

I'm reading “Identity-Based Broadcast Encryption with Constant Size Ciphertexts and Private Keys” by Cécile Delerablée. On page 207, the encryption process needs $\gamma$ which is part of the master ...
219 views

### Sharing an encrypted file between a group of people

Is there any way to share an encrypted file with a group? In the other words, can I encrypt a file with a public key so that each person in a group decrypt it with his/her private key? Is there any ...
134 views

### Multi-key decryption

Let's assume I want to send a secret message to $N$ recipients in an asymmetric way. My message could be encrypted with $N$ different public keys $p_i$ one after another and send to each user ...
308 views

### Solving Quadratic equations in Galois Field (2^163)

Hello I am working on implementing a message to elliptic curve point mapping hardware circuit I have done some research and found out the koblitz mapping method: I will be using a field of binary ...
259 views

### Can we quantify strength of encryption scheme ?

Was wondering if we have any (or can we come up with) "units" for strength of encryption like in Physics. Most of our comparative analysis of encryption schemes are based on number of S boxes or ...
85 views

### Formal proof of theorem concerning the Random Oracle Model

Reading a book on cryptography by Douglas R. Stinson I've met the following theorem, which is stated without proof (see here). Thereby, $\mathcal{F^{X,Y}}$ denotes the set of all functions from ...
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### Is basic RSA secure? [duplicate]

I'm pretty new to cryptography, had RSA in my math lectures a few years back and decided to try it myself. I've implemented a rather basic version of RSA using a hash from a passphrase to create the ...
264 views

### DES generating the same ciphertext for different plaintexts and identical key

Is it possible to get the same output for DES while the inputs are different while using the same key? The key should not have to be a weak key. If yes could you give me a hint how to show how to do ...
114 views

### Do I have to transfer the private key to digitally sign a remote document?

I'm trying to digitally sign a document which is uploaded by a user. I want the user to sign that document using his digital signing certificate (DSC). Should I: transfer the file to the user, and ...
656 views

### How are random numbers for RSA generated? [duplicate]

The RSA public key encryption requires two very large prime numbers as part of its encryption process that serve as secrets. These are typically generated with cryptographically secure random number ...
119 views

### Is AES-GCM length extension attack possible using authenticated decryption?

I am looking to encrypt a piece of data using AES-GCM with a full 16-byte GCM Tag and send it over the network using UDP. Is it safe to assume using the AEAD nature of AES-GCM that performing ...
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### Is there a way to “shorten” a Merkle chain?

If I have a Merkle chain of 3 items, is it possible to create a zero knowledge proof of the existance of a correct chain between hash 1 and hash 3? Editing to clarify (Thanks Ricky), what I mean my a ...
156 views

### secure embedded/microcontroller crypto using AES-ctr with hmac-sha2

The embedded device is a low-power 8-bit microcontroller (memory usage is constrained to about 10kb code, 1kb ram). As the device is battery-powered and manual service should be minimal, more powerful ...
97 views

### Prime Numbers in Discrete Log

I am implementing a security protocol based on discrete log. I came across the equation $p = kq + 1$. Understand that based on number theories that both $p$ and $q$ should be large enough to be ...
140 views

### Can I simulate iterated AES-ECB with other block cipher modes?

I am trying to write some code using the Web Crypto API (http://www.w3.org/TR/WebCryptoAPI/#algorithm-overview) which provides only some of the block cipher modes for AES, intentionally excluding ...
644 views

### What are the security implications of multiple hashing?

There are plenty of questions on this site about hashing passwords. However, none of them quite cover this topic. One of those links covers using multiple different hash algorithms; one covers general ...
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### Isn't Groth-Sahai proof system applicable beyond Bilinear groups?

Classical paper by Groth-Sahai on NIZK proof system is titled as "Efficient Non-interactive Proof Systems for Bilinear Groups". To my understanding, only (Pairing Product Equation) PPE are defined ...
192 views

### Diffusion in Stream Cipher

The diffusion property of a cipher defined by Shannon refers to the ability of a cipher to cause a lot off bits in the cipher text to be modified, when even a single bit in the plaintext is flips. ...
378 views

### Why can't Homomorphic encryption schemes support algorithms with conditions/branching?

If it isn't already apparent from the title of my question, i should make clear that I have only a very basic understanding of homomorphic encryption. I would like to know why homomorphic encryption ...
3k views

### Why shouldn't I use ECB encryption?

I'm using Java to generate encrypted strings, and I get this warning at build time: ECB encryption mode should not be used So I'm wondering why I shouldn't use ECB and what I can use instead?
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### Encryption and HMAC in a PSKC file

This is the PSKC standard https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6030.txt In Section 6.1 6.1. Encryption Based on Pre-Shared Keys They have the following ...
111 views

### Protocol composition [closed]

I have been trying to wrap my head around different definitions of protocol security (stand alone, sequential composition, parallel composition, universal composition) and how the proofs of any of ...
259 views

### Generalize the Merkle–Damgård construction for any compression function

I am trying to figure out this question: Generalize the Merkle–Damgård construction for any compression func­tion that compresses by at least one bit . You should refer to a general input ...
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### AFV11 scheme simplification

I tried to implement AFV11 scheme http://eprint.iacr.org/2011/410 and faced with performance issues. In order to reduce this issue I have made some simplifications to the scheme. Does the following ...
135 views

### how to let other people respond to emails only decrypt-able with my private key

First of all I have to say it's a homework question but since I have no one to consult with, I ended up here :) Suppose a case in which you are the manager of a company and all employees encrypt ...
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### Calculate number of chips to solve bit commitment using hash function

I have a problem that I don't know how to solve Assume that H is a cryptographic hash function with output size 80 bits. Assume that ABC123 is a specifically designed line of hardware chips for ...
80 views

### Which Block cipher mode should I use? [closed]

Which of the Block cipher mode is MOST secure? I dont care about the performance just the most secure
112 views

### Embedded devices Authentication, Integrity and Confidentiality

Embedded devices send messages to the server. The server occasionally sends messages to individual devices(Reboot, upgrade firmware etc) After some research this is my ad-hoc solution: 1) Each ...
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### What is Initialization vector (IV) [closed]

I am not the best cryptologer and therefore I have some questions so I learn more and get better. Heres the questions: What is Initialization vector (IV)? MUST I use it or not?
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### Associative but NOT Commutative Reducing Function Construction with Existing Hash Function(s)

Is it possible to construct a binary reducing function based on any existing cryptographic hash function satisfying the associative property but not the commutative property? So formally: Using an ...
688 views

### Chosen plaintext vs Chosen ciphertext

What is the difference between chosen plaintext and chosen ciphertext attack? In both of these adversary has access to paintext-ciphertext pairs.Then where lies the difference?
907 views

### Why are primes important for encryption

Why are primes so important? Why can't we just use a random number? My guess is that it's because finding a random prime require more computing power, than finding a random number. Can anybody confirm ...
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### Security concern about reducing hash value using modulo operation

As stated in the title, what I am looking for is information about a "technique" that I would like to use in some of my algorithms. Sometimes I need to map a hash function's result into a range of ...