# All Questions

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### Are there key collisions in AES-192, AES-256?

Suppose we have a single, fixed plaintext block $p$ of 128 bits. Call the set of all possible 128 bit blocks $B$. We could define fixed plaintext AES-128 as a function $f(k) \to B$ that takes a 128 ...
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### Is it ok to send part of digital signature if we have bandwidth constraints?

When creating digital signatures is it ok to send part of it when we have bandwidth constraints?
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### Why does HKDF use HMAC(salt, key) instead of HMAC(key, salt)?

I've been looking over the HKDF specs (RFC 5869), and something I noticed is that in the key and salt are reversed: ...
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### How to write the encrypted message after using RSA

I have created a RSA encryption/decryption program but how do i write out the results after doing a encryption? Right now I have it so that it will just print out the decimal value of one character ...
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### What is the difference between “securely realizes” and “securely implements”?

In some security proofs it is stated that "a protocol securely realizes an ideal functionality" while in some others "a protocol securely implements an ideal functionality". Is there a meaningful ...
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### PathORAM with read path eviction

I am currently trying to implement the pathORAM algorithm as describe in this paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/280.pdf The paper states that with high probability, the stash size will be bounded ...
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### Is it possible for a simulator to always abort?

In this paper of J. Baron, et al. (PDF), simulator always aborts the ideal functionality before client outputs its pattern-matching result obtained from the ideal functionality. (See bottom of page ...
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### Can several run of a semi-honest protocol be used to infer malicious security?

In the ideal world, $A$ sends several inputs $x_1,...,x_\lambda$ to the functionality and $B$ sends input $y$. Functionality sends $f(x_1,y),...,f(x_\lambda,y)$ to $A$ and nothing to $B$. Suppose ...
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### Secret only known on consensus

Does a method exist where a secret is generated so that is is unknown until 3 or more people (predetermined) reach consensus that it should be revealed?
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### Is there a standardized tree hash?

SHA-1, SHA-2, and the standardized version of SHA-3 are all sequential. This is impractical for hashing very large files distributed across machines. Any sequential hash can be straightforwardly ...
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### Why is only one oracle + challenge-response phase sufficient for IND-CPA security?

The CRYPTUTOR wiki from UIUC uses the following definition of the IND-CPA game: We (privately) choose a key K according to the key generation algorithm: K $\gets \mathsf{KeyGen}$. We ...
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### Remotely Verify File Timestamp

I'm working for a professor to build a platform for students to take midterms and finals online. The student downloads the test during class (when the professor makes the test available on the server ...
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### How to calculate LOW(b) and HIGH(b) in spritz cryptography

I try to implement spritz cryptography like this paper . But I don't know how to calculate LOW(b) and HIGH(b). In paper page 7. ...
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### Is there a single-use signature scheme, where a second use of the private key discloses it to the world?

With ECDSA (and possibly DSA too) I'm aware that if the same value for $k$ is used with the same private key $D_A$ to sign two different messages, then anyone possessing the two messages $m_0$ and ...
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### Best practises to generate IV for AES-CTR in this scenario

I'm building a cloud storage application that will store files on my servers. I want these files to be encrypted with AES in CTR mode and the key will be always the same. I'm wondering what would be ...
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### With EC secp256k1 is there a way of transforming a function of the private key to a function of the public key?

A key pair has a private key $D_A$ and a public key $Q_A$. $D_A$ is an integer less than the curve's $n$. Is there any (boolean) function of the private key $f(D_A)$ which can be transformed into a ...
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### What is scale-invariance notion of a fully homomorphic encryption scheme?

I read this paper https://eprint.iacr.org/2012/078.pdf and I didn't understand what does the author mean with scale-invariance perspective. The perspective in which we view the ciphertext is ...
How many bits of the exponent $x$ are leaked when you calculate and reveal $g^x \pmod p$ for some generator $g$ of $\mathbb Z^∗_p$? The low bit of $x$ is obviously leaked: the low bit equals ...