# All Questions

2answers
155 views

### Understanding the length b used in MD5

I am trying to understand MD5 hash algorithm from the link http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1321.txt At first I was not able to understand padding of MD5. Then I asked a question in this link: To ...
1answer
56 views

### How to show CPA attacker does not need access to encryption oracle after receiving cyphertext

In the private key CPA game, the attacker has access to an encryption oracle anytime during the attack. However, I have seen this statement in lecture notes I downloaded "You can prove that for ...
1answer
860 views

### Why is Rijndael key length restricted?

Why is Rijndael restricted to key length in $\lbrace 128, 160, 192, 224, 256\rbrace$ bits (and not larger)? The algorithm looks to me like it would support an arbitrary-sized key (multiple of $32$). ...
1answer
52 views

### 1 bit shannon entropy CPU instructions?

It has been proved, that the xor operator is suitable for entropy accumulation, due to its theoretical shannon entropy of 1 bit. There are six truth tables with ...
2answers
65 views

### (Non-) Perfect Secrecy of Vernam Cipher Using $E(m) = m \oplus k \oplus \operatorname{rev}(k)$

Given the cipher $$E(k, m) = m \oplus k \oplus \operatorname{rev}(k)$$ where $\operatorname{rev}(k)$ is the reversed binary of $k$, how would one prove that the cipher is not perfectly secret. I ...
1answer
149 views

### Can I decrypt the message having it encrypted with different keys?

I have some encrypted binary data I want to decrypt. I know nothing about it, but I can get it encrypted with as many different (random, unknown) symmetric keys as I want. The keys are long enough to ...
1answer
240 views

### $m ∈ Z_n \backslash Z^*_n$, RSA works but not secure

If you happen happen to have a message $m ∈ Z_n \backslash Z^*_n$, RSA works but not secure. How likely is it going to happen? $|n|=1024$ bits $|p| = 512$ bits $|q| = 512$ bits.
0answers
47 views

### Security parameter p =O(n)

In many homomorphic encryption scheme, a security parameter is calculated as p =O(n). How to use the complexity order as values? Is there any specific method with an appropriate example?
1answer
318 views

### Is it possible to demonstrate that md5(x) != x for any x?

I am looking for an easy to follow explanation, if possible, that demonstrates/proves the validity (or not!) of this assertion: for any X, md5(X) != X (being X any string of 32 hex characters)
1answer
86 views

### Why is CBC-MAC with length appended not secure?

I've just read about CBC-MAC for the authentication of arbitrary length messages. In particular I cannot figure out why appending the message length before computing the MAC yields a non-secure MAC. I'...
0answers
91 views

### Performance of ECDSA, ECKCDSA and ECGDSA

It is proven that ECDSA algorithms are faster in key and signature generation compared to RSA. In addition, the signatures are much shorter. However, I would like to know the performance difference ...
1answer
180 views

### Detecting steganography in the stream of short messages

I have stream of millions of short n-bit (n<30) messages generated by some random number generator. The source of random number generator is not available to me. I suspect there are messages used ...
1answer
6k views

### What is a white-box implementation of a cryptographic algorithm?

What is a white-box implementation? Does a white-box implementation have specific properties?
1answer
140 views

### Is CPU timing jitter a usable entropy source?

In some virtualized environments, the only source of entropy available is CPU timing jitter. Can one get enough entropy from this source for practical uses? Also, is this secure against local side-...
0answers
82 views

### PBC library: group of composite order for pairing operation

How to generate composite order group using PBC library? With PBC library, element_init_G1(g,pairing) statement creates element $g$ for group of prime order. I want ...
1answer
54 views

### Can homomorphic operations on many different ciphertexts be multiplied by a same constant?

Assume Alice encrypts messages $m_1$,...,$m_n$ using secret keys $k_1$,...,$k_n$ on a homomorphic encryption scheme (BHHO), so she would get $c_1=Enc_{k_1}(m_1)$,...,$c_n=Enc_{k_n}(m_n)$. Then Alice ...
1answer
61 views

### Is the length limit of AES-GCM per key or per (key, nonce) pair?

AES-GCM has a limit on the length of the plaintext it encrypts: $2^{39} - 256$ bits. But is this limit per key or per (key, nonce)? That is, if I encrypt a message with the maximum length, and encrypt ...
0answers
77 views

### Why is AES-SIV not used, but AESKW, AKW1?

I'm trying to investigate different key wrapping algorithms for my implementation. I've noticed that AES-SIV is very rarely implemented by most of open source libraries. Most of them implements key ...
1answer
477 views

### To understand a fact related to padding in MD5

I'm trying to understand to padding process of MD5 from the link: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1321.txt In this link I have found the following description of padding: The message is "padded" (...
0answers
52 views

### compact rsa private key format

As shown in Why does my SSH private key still work after changing some bytes in the file? a typical RSA private key file contains. The public modulus $n$ and exponent $e$; The private ...
2answers
5k views

### Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange with Authentication: Man-in-the-Middle query

I have been reading up on MiTM attacks, and the prevention of them using public key certificates. Recently I learnt about Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange with Authentication, and how it uses signed ...
0answers
63 views

### Encryption used in a commercial software product [closed]

I found (through some reverse-engineering) that the following encryption scheme is used in a commercial software that is quite widely used in Germany (Security by obscurity at its best). I have the ...
1answer
41 views

### Elliptic ElGamal Public Key Cryptosystem doubt

I need an example of Elliptic ElGamal Public Key Cryptosystem. I have been trying with some values but I don't get the right solution. I have $p=13$, the elliptic curve $E:y^2=x^3+11x+7$ and a point ...
5answers
2k views

### Hash function that allows to decide if A > B if you only have hash(A) and hash(B)?

Is it possible to construct a hash function with the following property? If you have hash(A) and hash(B) with A and B being integers, you can tell if A is greater than B -- without however knowing ...
4answers
3k views

### Any practical uses of machine learning for cryptography?

I am about to go study for my masters in machine learning, data mining and high performance computing, but have recently become very interested in cryptography after taking Dan Boneh's Cryptography ...
1answer
124 views

### Can homomorphic decryption of DES be practical?

I was reading this paper Homomorphic evaluation of the AES Circuit by Gentry et al. when I thought if something similar can be done with DES or 3DES, e.g. it is plausible to decrypt DES ...
1answer
71 views

### Proven secure scheme under random oracle

Currently I am trying to understand random oracle model in order to make a small presentation about it but I seem to be very confused about it. Since it's an hypothetical model without a real life ...
4answers
895 views

### Can machine learning analyze random number generator?

I'm studying for random number generators(RNG) and I saw about machine learning a few days ago. So I searched analysis of RNG using machine learning. But I couldn't find such fields. Are there such ...
2answers
213 views

### Is there an algorithm to hide text in another text, while preserving the meaning of the latter?

Is there a way to hide a text message $A$ inside another text $B$ using a cryptographic cipher/algorithm, while preserving the sense/meaning of $B$ and without anybody being able to notice there is a ...
1answer
60 views

### How to test an implementation of a homomorphic scheme?

I want to implement the following homomorphic encryption scheme from On-the-Fly Multiparty Computation on the Cloud via Multikey Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Lopez-Alt et al. I use C++ and I want ...
1answer
68 views

### Which values are used for an elgamal cryptosystem public key?

I know that – within the elgamal cryptosystem – the values of $a$ and $b$ are public. But which values are used to create public keys?
0answers
42 views

### Recover secret $x$ when $c\equiv m^x \pmod p$ with public $p$ (modified)

Given an encryption system where $c\equiv m^x \pmod p$, $p$ is a known prime, 1. Is it possible to recover $x$ with a known plaintext attack? Given $(p,\text{factorization of }\varphi(p),m,c)$ 2. Is ...
1answer
64 views

### Which algorithm would be ideal for ephermal key generation followed by DH key exchange?

Bob and Alice, both generate a temporary public key pair each using X algorithm on their individual PC. After being authenticated by a third party, they use the DHE to come to get a common symmetric ...
1answer
111 views

### Are there any long term RC4 bias based exploits?

The RC4 cipher possibly exhibits low level bias in it's long run PRNG keystream. I'm specifically excluding short term bias attacks which I'm defining as outputs < 1024 bytes. Are there any real ...
1answer
141 views

### Private and Public Keys

I have a very basic understanding of encryption and the encapsulation process, but for the life of me I can't grasp how public keys and private keys work, how they're made, and how they're exchanged. ...
2answers
120 views

### RSA: Proving that $p+q-1 < 3 \sqrt{N}$, where N = pq and p,q are prime?

I'm doing some research into attacks on the RSA cryptosystem and have stumbled across Wiener's attack. Within the proof there exists the statement "$p+q-1 < 3\sqrt{N}$". No proof is given for this,...
3answers
1k views

### A simple block cipher based on the SHA-256 hash function [duplicate]

I've come up with this little routine for doing encryption using the SHA-2 (in this case SHA-256) hash function. As such it is a block cipher with a 256 bit (32 byte) block size and an arbitrary key ...
2answers
4k views

### What are the main weaknesses of a Playfair cipher, if any?

What are the main weaknesses of a Playfair cipher, if any? I know that they depend on none of the letters missing, but that is an easy fix if a letter gets dropped. Besides that, are there any other ...
1answer
108 views

### Effect of message length on collision attacks

I know that message collisions are supposed to be hard to calculate for a good cryptographic hash. Given 1k worth of data, it's hard to find another 1k worth of data that collides with the same hash. ...
2answers
191 views

### How can I factorize a 350 bit (106 decimal digits) number in two prime factors?

I have this large number: 1728098743723095094470726818328193358068864405124007684733613106475812450278961107574624070107782941006379 which is the multiplication of two unknown large prime numbers. I ...
4answers
566 views

### Why can’t the public key exponent in RSA be negative?

I am looking at why certain public keys in RSA can't be used, such as: 2 and all other even numbers (since $\gcd(\phi,e)$ must equal 1) 1 (since the cipher text would equal the message) 0 (since the ...
2answers
131 views

### Encrypt letters separately?

I am trying to encrypt the word Hello using RSA. When encrypting Hello’s integer representation, is each letter encrypted ...
2answers
97 views

### Do we have anyway of knowing if avoiding self-permutation in RC4 makes it any stronger?

OK, so lots of questions get asked about RC4 but I want to make mine specific and hopefully answerable. RC4 Design as I'm sure anyone reading this knows, uses self permutation in stage 1 of the KSA. ...
1answer
260 views

### Construct IND-CPA secure encryption scheme by combining two given schemes

I have two encryption schemes $\Pi_0, \Pi_1$, at least one of them is IND-CPA secure but I don't know which one. The task is to construct a scheme $\Pi$ that is guaranteed to be CPA secure and to ...
0answers
69 views

### What can I do to improve my encyption method [closed]

I'm new to cryptography and I want to learn more. For me, the best way to learn about something that I have no experience with is to experiment and I've coded a very basic approach to a simple ...
1answer
70 views

### Is it secure to use hexadecimal data for IV instead of raw binary?

Is it safe and secure to use a function like bin2hex (which converts binary data to hexadecimal) on the binary output of functions like ...
1answer
209 views

1answer
112 views

### What is an impure NIST true random number generator?

I'm working on a true random number generator, and I came across this phrase in the American NIST guide, in section 6.4.1 Non-Approved Conditioning Components: The entropy rate provided shall be ...

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