# All Questions

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### How many Hashes to find a digest of 2^{n−k}?

Given an n-bit cryptographic hash function $H$, how many messages should we expect to hash before finding a message $x$ such that $H(x) < 2^{n−k}$ for some integer k? My take: Shouldn't it simply ...
547 views

### Prevent replay attack without storage

I am designing a set of low-power sensing motes. Each mote will communicate to a central base over RF. I want the mote to be able to authenticate itself with the base, and send its data without being ...
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### Where can I get the correct and precise algorithms for elliptic curve cryptography?

I have been asked to implement cryptographic operations using elliptic curves. I would like to get precise algorithms for various processes like key generation, digital signature and verification. I ...
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### If PRF is non invertible, why does Ctr-mode work?

I am currently taking Dan Boneh's Cryptography I course online. I have just finished the segment discussing the Cipher Block Chaining and Counter-Mode. I am having difficulty understanding why Ctr-...
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### How can one protect against a Man In The Middle attack during key exchange without using certificates?

Besides using a certificate to defend against a man in the middle attack during a key exchange, what methods can be used?
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### Private and public keys, how do they relate mathematically? [closed]

Assuming everyone here knows the basics of a public private key, then you know the keys are mathematically related. My question is, what is the math? I really would like an in detail algorithm of the ...
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### Why is RSA encryption version 1.0 not specified in an RFC?

I saw that there are three RSA encryption versions, as follows: RSA encryption version 1.5 (RFC 2313) RSA cryptography specification version 2.0 (RFC 2347) RSA cryptography specification version 2.1 ...
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### What is the DK function when generating an AES key for Kerberos 5?

I'm trying to understand RFC3962. So far I understood everything, except for the last part: generating the derived key from the PBKDF2 output. To generate an encryption key from a pass phrase and ...
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### Proving for a single input vs several inputs. Is there any difference?

I am working on a new protocol for pattern matching. While defining the ideal functionality, it is possible to say: Alice sends $p$ and Bob sends $T$ to the ideal functionality. i.e. searching for ...
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### Is it possible to have self-authenticated message?

Consider a text with $n$ words which $m$ words of it can be replaced with an equivalent word. Therefore we have $2^m$ different texts with the same meaning. For example "You are {so/very} {keen/eager}...
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### Is a nonce considered 'secret' enough for HMAC?

We're implementing a mobile application which communicates with a web service, and on first install the user sends its deviceid to the web service (over TLS, unauthenticated at this point) - which ...
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### Easy hash function collision

I'm designing a cryptography-breaking assignment for a college-level introductory security course, and I'm looking for a hash function which is reasonably easy (but not too easy) to generate ...
118 views

### TLS RSA Certificate with Elliptic Curve Negotiation

When I look at Google's Public Key in Firefox I get PKCS #1 SHA-256 With RSA Encryption Yet according to SSL Labs Google has EC 256 bits / SHA256withRSA and supports ...
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### How do I check if the secret key polynomial of the ATV-FHE (NTRU based) scheme is invertible?

I want to implement the ATV-FHE scheme as described here https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/039.pdf. To generate the secret key polynomial I compute f = 2*u + 1 , with scheme parameters chosen such that ...
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### Encrypted vs unencrypted digital signatures [duplicate]

Is there a difference in terms of security between An encrypted stream of bits obtained by encrypting a plaintext concatenated with it's signature $C = E_k(plaintext||\sigma)$ where $E$ is a ...
120 views

### A “one time pad” can be thought of a Vigenere cipher with

A "One Time Pad" can be thought of a Vigenere cipher with... An infinitely long key A secure symmetric key Multiple ciphertext alphabets A columnar transposition I had this question come up ...
204 views

### Hash email address with a non-random salt for moderate security?

Crypto noob here. I have an application that has only moderate security requirements (internal use, limited audience). I want to send a unique url with a token in it to each user. If anyone has the ...
4k views

### Why can't I reverse a hash to a possible input?

I'm going to provide “proof” why a hash function can be reversed, and I hope you can tell my why I'm wrong So, a hash function can be implemented as a series of logic gates. All logic gates can be ...
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### When would you use KP-ABE over CP-ABE?

When would you use KP-ABE over CP-ABE or vice versa? I started this question as I am having problems abstracting the pros and cons between KPABE and CPABE. This is not an assignment question. I have ...
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### References for combining LFSRs with different lengths and taps? [closed]

I started learning streams ciphers with the use of LFSRs. Therefore, I tried to simulate what I am learning in a C sourcecode, which combines three registers and ...
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### Cracking a hash which descends to a single value after repeated hashes

Assume I have a hash function (such as the one below) and a cipher, and I know that if I repeatedly hash any string over and over again, it will eventually descend to one unique value. Is there any ...
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### Is using same key pair for both encryption and signing secure in RSA [duplicate]

In GPG, we can use same key pair for encryption and signing. Can't/Shouldn't we do this in RSA. I am using RSAES-OAEP and RSASSA-PSS, not raw RSA btw.
32 views

### PathORAM with read path eviction

I am currently trying to implement the pathORAM algorithm as describe in this paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/280.pdf The paper states that with high probability, the stash size will be bounded ...
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### what is the difference between one way function and hard core predicate?

Does anyone know what the difference between a one way function is and a hard core predicate? Are they related to each other or different?
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### Difference between SHA1 and SHA1HMAC? [duplicate]

Can anyone let me know the difference between SHA1 and SHA1HMAC algo?
81 views

### Alter plaintext in block cipher AES in CBC mode

How can I alter the plaintext before decryption by changing the IV? I know what the value of the plaintext should be. I also know the value of the IV (initial vector). The IV and the AES block are ...
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### Is it interesting to design stream ciphers parametrized by a CSPRNG?

Would it be interesting to have new stream ciphers whose design is parametrized by a CSPRNG? I.e. to instantiate the stream cipher, you just have to select and plug in any CSPRNG of your choice.
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### Which parameters of the ATV-FHE scheme should be kept private?

I try to implement the ATV-FHE scheme as it is described in section 2 of this paper. I also read this paper that says how parameters should be chosen. Are there some parameters that must be kept ...
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### Are private and public key sizes of Elliptic curve related?

I'm new to elliptic curve cryptography. I just want to know in the case where I take a random number (private key) and find its associated public key, does the size of the public key depends upon ...
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### A (current or soon-to-be) NIST-recommended alternative to ECC?

So this comes from the professional rumor-mill, and I'm wondering if anyone might either debunk or shed light on this. My understanding is ECC is generally now preferred over RSA simply due to how ...
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### Three party coin flipping protocol with only 2 active participants

Is there a coin flipping protocol where: Alice, Bob and Carol don't trust each other, and The coin is flipped only by Alice and Bob, and The result must be trusted by all three participants.

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