# All Questions

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### What is an active S-Box?

I don't understand what an active s-box is (in reference of design criteria 8 of the DES). Because according to DES, all 8 s-boxes are used every round. But this is not what active means. So my ...
560 views

### Is there any implementation of scrypt that allows a specific limit on memory?

The answerer has commented that scrypt's memory use is "only a function of r". $\:$ However, he has not addressed my argument that it also depends on N, in one of my comments from over 5 days ago. I ...
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### iOS Data Protection: What is the Input of the LFSR?

Every time a file on the data partition is created, Data Protection creates a new 256-bit key (the “per-file” key) and gives it to the hardware AES engine, which uses the key to encrypt the ...
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### Explain the 'Breaking 104 bit WEP in less than 60 seconds' paper

Could you explain the 'Breaking 104 bit WEP in less than 60 seconds' paper, without skipping too much technical details. Could you an answer questions, like: how is '1.24/256' a significant ...
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### Is this an acceptable authenticated encryption?

After much deliberation, I've decided to use a normal Encrypt-then-MAC scheme instead of an authenticated encryption mode such as GCM as authenticated encryption primitive. This is due to the lack of ...
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### Why do fully homo-morphic constructions use 'ring' or 'lattice' structures?

Is there a significantly advantage to these data structures, or is it simply the status-quo and the easiest to use for describing constructions?
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### Modes for encrypting small binary blobs?

Suppose I am building an encrypted document storage system. Suppose each user has a "user key": a symmetric key. Suppose each document is encrypted with a "document key". So, in order to give a ...
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### Applications of 3-collisions

I recently read Improved Generic Algorithms for 3-Collisions by Joux and Lucks (Asiacrypt 2009), available as http://eprint.iacr.org/2009/305.pdf. I was wondering about applications of this technique ...
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### Elliptic curve parameter generation

I am curious of the details of how one would go about generating elliptic curve parameters. (I know standardized parameters exist, but I'm trying to understand both how they were generated and the ...
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### Clipper chip (SKIPJACK) key exchange protocol

According to the Wikipedia page for NSA (emphasis mine): However, NSA's Fortezza hardware-based encryption cards, created for the Clipper project, are still used within government, and NSA ...
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### Distributing blocks with validation and non-dependant list generation

Problem Suppose I have a system of nodes that can communicate with a parent node, but not among each other. Suppose then a file on the parent node is split up into blocks and divided among the ...
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### one-time pad key related attack [duplicate]

In one-time pads we always say do not use same key twice to encrypt ASCII messages, but if we use a random key to XOR a random ...
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### State of the art in zero knowledge proof compilers?

What is the current state of the art zero knowledge proof compiler ? I need one that can minimally handle double exponentiation by a known value E.g. $$Pok\{(\alpha):h=g^{\alpha^b}\}$$ where b, ...
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### Any historical accounts of cryptanalysis of Jefferson's wheel cipher?

David Kahn in his book "The Codebreakers" wrote about Jefferson's wheel cipher, saying that To this day the Navy uses it… (the book was first published in 1967) Are there any historical accounts ...
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### Searching over encrypted data

Is there any library/tool available which can allow me to search over encrypted data? I would like to encrypt data on client side, send it to cloud and perform search in cloud. I've been reading ...
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### Is there a field guide to ECC for the IT Security layman?

I'm trying to understand ECC from an IT layman's perspective and am trying to separate the theory from the standards, and understand why certain features are implemented or not implemented in the ...
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### Distinguish messages

Since i cannot comment on questions, I give my own: If a secret key encrypt algorithm can encrypt messages of arbitrary length and the encrypt algorithm is probabilistic then: suppose the adversary ...
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### Data-validating protocol

I have to implement protocol of secure data transfer that can be described as Alice selects data to send from finite set $m\in M$ (e.g. $M$ could be a column of values in database table) Alice ...
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### Encryption scheme with equivalent keys?

I've long been looking for a symmetric encryption scheme (or algorithm) with equivalent keys. Let me define what I want: Symmetric encryption algorithm with encryption function $E_k$ and inverse ...
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### Chaum undeniable signature - justification for probability of misleading the verifier?

Can anyone explain me in details why does the following statement hold true in Chaum and van Antwerpen scheme for undeniable signature? The probability that a dishonest signer is able to ...
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### Attack vectors introduced by compilers

I have a question about attacks on the implementation of cryptographic code that are enabled by compilation and compiler-optimisations. I am aware of this. Would anyone be able to point me to other ...
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### Safely use CryptSignAndEncryptMessage?

I am developing an application that sends messages which I want to encrypt and sign. The CryptoApi offers a function called CryptSignAndEncryptMessage. The description says, what this function ...
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### DGK Cryptosystem Key Generation and Decryption Issues

I detailed here the DGK (Ivan Damgård, Martin Geisler and Mikkel Krøigaard) cryptosystem, and I managed to get it to work, most of the time... The BIG problem that I am facing at the moment is that ...
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### Has there been any cryptanalysis of RC4-52?

Several websites ( such as Is there a secure cryptosystem that can be performed mentally? ) briefly mention RC4-52 as a modification of standard RC4. RC4-52 has only with 52 instead of 256 elements ...
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### Elgamal test vectors

I know that Elgamal algorithms have fallen out of fashion, and they are not included in any widespread cryptographic standard nowadays. However, they are still present in several popular crypto ...
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### Blind signature with openssl

I'm trying to understand (to reproduce in practice) how does blinded tokens work. Currently i'm lacking examples. According to Wiki the blinded signature protocol is the same as ordinary signature ...
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### Verilog simulation & synthesis of Diffie-Hellman key exchange

Is there any freely available verilog implementaion of Diffie-Hellman key exchange? I couldn't find anything using google. So, assuming its not there I started implementing on my own. The code is ...
291 views

### Security analysis of a matrix multiplication protocol

Suppose Alice would like to obtain the product of two mXm matrices i.e. A and B. Alice has A, whereas Bob has B. Since Alice does not want to reveal A to Bob, she chooses a mXm random invertable ...
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### uniquely identify a symmetric key

Is there a safe way to uniquely identify a symmetric key? I know with asymmetric keys you typically use a hash of the public key, but I assume that using a hash of a symmetric key would reveal too ...
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### ElGamal signature - exploiting fallacious implementation

This question is related to ElGamal signature scheme as defined here ElGamal signature without calculating the inverse Show how one could exploit an implementation ElGamal signature scheme in which ...
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### Finding algorithm: desire RSA's uniqueness and ECDSA's space efficiency

I am asking for help in finding a signature algorithm with the following property: Given a message m and a private key prikey, ...
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### Managing data permissions/access through asymmetric cryptography

I want to manage authorization, as 3rd-party permissions, through asymmetric cryptography. I'm concerned about how is it possible to share access of encrypted data with N entities, and be able to ...
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### Secure Deduplication and Encryption in a data store

Assume: We have a centralized data store that can store whatever we need Every user is online Function $f : File \to Key$ gets access to the store, and is the same for all users. $g : Key \to File$ ...
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### Implementing the Mceliece Encryption - making the Generator Matrix

I am working on an implementation of the Mceliece Encryption system (MCE) and the Niederreiter encryption system. I have been through the basics of finite fields, polynomial arithmetic and some coding ...
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### Streaming mode of operation that is more resistant against nonce reuse

Is it possible to create a streaming mode of operation where the reuse of a nonce does not destroy confidentiality? In this question it would be allowed for the streaming mode to leak if ciphertexts ...
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### PGP String to Key specifiers

I've been reading through the PGP Standard and here I'm a little confused. This section is discussing converting string data to a session key. I'm confused about the paragraph in bold. First off, what ...
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### Lowest number challenge scheme

Suppose Alice knows a secret number $a$, and Bob knows a secret number $b$. Is there a simple way for Alice and Bob to know who has the lowest number, without Alice & Bob exchanging their numbers ...
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### Feasible way to check n-dimensional equidistribution of PRNGs

I am currently gathering some test methods and test suites for random number generator qualities, and am a bit stuck at finding something feasible to test for n-dimensional equidistribution. As input ...
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### Basic attacks on McEliece; finding S and P

Take a McEliece cryptosystem with public generator matrix $G' = S G P$ where $G$ is a generator of a secret code with known fast decoding (not necessarily a Goppa code over $\mathbb{F}_2$), $S$ is ...
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### Compact digital signature for noisy data

The question asks for a signature scheme, with a public verification procedure, that is tolerant to minor alterations of the signed data during its transmission [possibly in analog form over some ...
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### Can anyone explain how the modified r-adding walk works?

I was going through a paper titled “Accelerating Pollard's Rho Algorithm on Finite Fields” by Jung Hee Cheon et al. I understand the table(Ml) creation part of it, but after that I somehow fail to ...
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### Which concrete applications benefit from Oblivious RAM constructions?

The main motivation for Oblivious RAM (ORAM) is that, for instance, in the "cloud" setting a client outsources his data to a server in the form of encrypted blocks. Later on, he wants to perform read ...
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### Pseudo-Hadamard transform, most significant bit

For clarification: The Pseudo-Hadamard transformation is a reversible transformation of a bit string that provides cryptographic diffusion. Splitting a bit string (with bit length of $2n$) into two ...
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### FHE over the integers - Is that paper's scheme known to be insecure against quantum adversaries?

I was reading the paper Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Integers, and started wondering if there is a known quantum attack on their main scheme, because There is an efficient quantum attack ...
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### Is there a flaw in this ECC blind signature scheme?

Recently I've found the following work on the internet: An ECC-Based Blind Signature Scheme The paper claims to be an ECDSA blind signature however it seems that their scheme has a flaw in it. The ...
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Two or three years ago, I was reading something interesting, but then I lost the paper. The paper described building secure and fast P2P networks (not like tor or I2P). Unfortunately, I only remember ...
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### Will hashing over and over eventually give the same hash?

There are many cases in maths where doing the same thing over and over again will bring you closer to a value. Derivation of polynomials is the striking example: no matter what you start with, you end ...
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### HMAC definition by using only one key

Suppose $H$ is a hash function; why is $H(k||H(k||m))$ not secure? See this HMAC definition. In there, indeed two keys are used and the mac algorithm is $H(k_1 ||H(k_2 ||m))$ . Why don't we use ...
Let $(d_1,Q_1)$ and $(d_2,Q_2)$ be ECC key pairs over two different elliptic curves (say NIST P-224 and NIST P-256). According to the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP), if the private ...
The defining feature of a PRF $f:\{0,1\}^k\times\{0,1\}^s\mapsto\{0,1\}^*$ is that, if the first parameter is selected at random, it should be indistinguishable from a function ...