# All Questions

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### 1024 RSA Hash Signature attack. Forge a valid signature

I have an RSA signature of 1024 bit where i know the following: Public modulus N Public exponent (0x03) Cypher message Summary: An MD5 hash is calculated from a collection of byte and is used as ...
165 views

### Fast 128-bit MAC with second preimage resistance?

I have an application that needs a fast 128-bit MAC to guarantee message authenticity in a protocol. I would like to reuse this MAC value as a binding identifier, so that even those who know the key ...
240 views

### Definition of authenticity

I came across various definitions of what authenticity means in cryptography. I would like to know which one is correct. The first definition - the one I always used - is the following: Data ...
83 views

### Crypto-period for keys used in PRF

I am wondering about the crypto-period for keys used in pseudo-random functions. For example, let's say I am using HMAC-SHA256 with a secret key $K$. After how many computes do I have to update $K$? ...
141 views

### Implement AES with 16 bit block size?

Can we implement AES with 16 bit block size ?if so what are its advantages and disadvantages?Is there any rule AES has to be implemented with 128,192,256 ?Can we use AES for odd number of ...
1k views

### Is there an encryption format that preserves length and only outputs alphanumerics?

I'm trying to design a promo code system for a server app I'm designing. Basically, I generate a promo code for a certain item and give the code out to someone, who then types it into the server. ...
46 views

### How to deliver an encrypted message to multiple recipients without revealing keys

Let's say I have generated a private and a public key. I create a message and encrypt it with the public key. I deliver this encrypted message and a private key to multiple recipients. Why would I do ...
114 views

### Reverse output of general Fibonacci LFSR

Suppose we have some Fibonacci LFSR, and it outputs some sequence. How to change starting LFSR so, that it outputs exactly same sequence, but in reverse order?
187 views

### Is simple XOR with secret key using DHE secure?

Client and server have given generator 3 and modulus which is 256 bit prime same all the time for all clients and server (simply hardcoded). They both generate a private exponent and send result to ...
154 views

### Is the warning given by chrome warranted?

I went to a payment page on a site recently, and chrome was warning me that the page is possibly not secure, I have a very basic understanding of crypto but not enough to fully understand why this ...
138 views

### Is it safe to exchange cryptographic salt and initialization vector in messages?

I have a client which does the following: ...
58 views

### Why can we ignore $y$ when using the extended Euclidean algorithm to calculate an RSA decryption exponent?

I have a follow-up question about the extended Euclidean algorithm, as applied to RSA key generation, described in this answer. Let us say we have $p=5$, $q=11$ and $e=17$, so that $N=55$ and ...
569 views

### Decrypt using OpenSSL produces packing errors

I am receiving an encrypted file and it's key from a partner. The Key has itself been encrypted using our Digital Certificate Public Key, though I don't know exactly how. The partner has instructed me ...
99 views

### Which data encryption mechanism to use for data transfer?

I have high performance nodes communicating with each other sending logs and data over network. The communication is heavy and over public network. I would like to know how to know which is the best ...
473 views

### Is it safe to reuse a symmetric key when using asymmetric encryption?

I've written a C# Library that I hope will be used for security purposes in a commercial application. The application will communicate through the internet and not on an internal network. I am using ...
28 views

### Authenticate encrypted seed for KEM + AEAD hybrid cryptosystem

Say I want to encrypt something using RSA / KEM and an authenticated cipher. I encrypt using the following scheme: generate random seed z using ...
179 views

### Reason for replacing mifare classic

As you know there occured some successful attacks again mifare classic tags (manufactured by NXP) and therefore NXP recommends to replace these tags with some newer products like mifare pro desfire ...
366 views

### RSA: Is it secure to use the private key to encrypt and the public key to decrypt?

This may sound weird: What if I don't let others know my public key, then use my private key to encrypt, and the public key to decrypt? Is this secure? Let me explain a little bit: Common usuage: ...
73 views

### If my server utilises an RSA based certificate, why does firefox think I am using Diffie Hellman?

I am not a beginner in crypto, but not that far from it, so please be gentle. I look after a web server app that I generated the SSL certificate for, and I used an RSA public/private keypair. When ...
36 views

### Variable length variable output encryption with out any padding?

I would like to know if there is any encryption algorithm with variable input variable output with out any padding? For example if I give 16(17,18,67,117,..any size) bit plaintext, my ciphertext is ...
43 views

### What is the hardness in Decisional Linear Assumption (DLIN)?

I had understood what does the DLIN assumption means and here is a related question. But I fail to understand the 'real hardness' in this problem. I would be grateful if someone can help me to ...
82 views

### Is it possible to encrypt data points but still be able to select the ones “near” a given value?

We have an application where we would like to store "encrypted" data points (as in, not being able to know the original - plaintext - data just by looking at the stored - encrypted - version of it) ...
86 views

### Is Shoup's Practical Threshold Signatures considered secure?

I am planning to use threshold cryptography in a Java application. So far, I have only found ThresSig and a ECDSA implementation used in TwoFactorBtcWallet. However, ThresSig is based on a 15-years ...
46 views

### (Uniformly) Random Value when an element is picked with $\frac{1}{p-1}- \frac{1}{(p-1)^2}\$ probability

Let's $\mathbb{F}_p$ be a finite field where $p$ is a large prime number(e.g. 256-bit) I know if the probability that an element picked from the field is $\frac{1}{p-1}$ we say the element is picked ...
125 views

### How to enforce data privacy, integrity and authenticity of distributed firmware images for an embedded device?

I'm developing a bootloader for an embedded device, with which it should be possible for customers (i.e. device owners) to update the device's firmware. It is required that: the firmware is ...
38 views

### How does FileVault2 Recovery actually work?

I'm a crypto-enthusiast but no expert at all, that'll explain why i didn't understand. Also please consider english isn't my native language :) I am about to enable FileVault2 FDE on the new macbook ...
49 views

### Could someone explain the given algorithm?

The following snapshot of the algorithm is taken from the book Guide to Elliptic Curve Cryptography published by Springer 2004. I don't understand that why at the statement 9.1 if both $T_1$ and ...
127 views

### ECDH and ECDSA in PGP with known public key

How are used ECDH and ECDSA in combination with public key ? Usually these methods are used for establish a secret themselves, ...
348 views

### How long does it take to brute force a Wordpress password?

I'm not a cryptograhpy expert, I am a web developer trying to determine the origin of a Wordpress blog hack, and how likely it is that it was brute forced. The administrator account username had been ...
85 views

### How To prove Any Change to $v=a\cdot y+b$ maks $y=(a)^{−1}\cdot (v−b)$ Uni. random value [closed]

This question is related to data integrity. Let a finite field be $\mathbb{F}_p$, where $p$ is a prime number. I have a fixed value $y$ and two uniformly random values $a$ and $b$. Hypothesis: ...
86 views

### Efficiency of McEliece cryptography (ciphertext expansion)

Most of the sources say McEliece has never gained acceptance because of its large size of private and public keys. However I have never heard about the size (or length) of its ciphertext. ...
106 views

### OpenPGP Public-Key algorithm

What means when pgpdump shows this kind of algorithm in the Public-Key Encrypted Session Key Packet? ...
125 views

### What is tiger192,4 in PHP?

PHP supports hashing of the following Tiger algorithms: tiger128,3 tiger160,3 tiger192,3 tiger128,4 tiger160,4 tiger192,4 Wikipedia's entry on Tiger says there's Tiger and Tiger2 and provides ...
67 views

### How did G.H. Hardy's work contribute to today's public-key cryptography?

I know that Hardy's work in number theory was used by Clifford Cocks in 1973 to develop the basis for public-key cryptography. What specifically was this work, and how is it used today in ...
160 views

### Whats the point of an IV if public? [duplicate]

What is the point of the initialization vector in cryptographic modes like AES-CBC when it is sent in the public? Cant any attacker just listen and reverse the IV? and as such defeating its purpose? ...
385 views

### Encryption algorithm used in WPA/WPA2

I want to know how EXACTLY the WPA password gets encrypted I have been searching through and I was able to catch: The actual password is converted to some hash Salting is applied to the hash The ...
78 views

### Fixed-points in block ciphers; why don't they indicate a vulnerability?

I've seen a few questions here on fixed-points in ciphers, most asking about the possibility and existence. Most of the answers however pointed out that fixed points are not exactly a security threat. ...
802 views

### What are the strenghts and weaknesses of Whirlpool Hashing Algorithm

I want to find out if the Whirlpool hashing algorithm have any weaknesses. There are quite a bit of articles explaining the strengths of this algorithm, but for some reason I cannot find any on its ...
659 views

### SHA-256 Reversing A String of Equal Length

I've done a lot of reading on how SHA-256, I've found that SHA-256 is irreversible because more data is fed into the hashed string than the hash string contains. But, what if the data that was ...
68 views

### Is it possible to have E=D and Ke <> Kd?

Let us consider $E$ an encryption algorithm that encrypts a message $m$ into a ciphertext $c$ using a key $K_e$. i.e $c = E(K_e, m)$. Similarly, decryption is achieved by $m = D(K_d, c)$. Is there ...
118 views

### Two rounds of SHA-256 HMAC?

In a project we are working on, we have two applications within our datacenter that exchange messages. The messages are protected by an HMAC, and the secret key is stored on a SafeNet device. Update ...
93 views

### Do Curtmola et al.'s IND-CKA1/2 security definitions protect against search pattern leakage?

In the article Searchable Symmetric Encryption: Improved Definitions and Efficient Constructions, Curtmola et al. propose adaptive and non-adaptive (indistinguishability and simulator-based) security ...
82 views

### Possibility of the encrypted text being the same as the supplied plain text! [duplicate]

I was learning DES when it occurred to me that there could be a possible case where a (key, plainText) pair could result in an ...
133 views

### TLS1.2 Client Finished Message

Can someone make sure I'm creating my Client finished message properly as I've been working at this for days and keep getting a Bad record MAC error and I have no idea what I'm doing wrong. First ...
502 views

### How to calculate elliptic curve parameters?

I'm having a rough time understanding the math behind elliptic curves. I want to implement ECDH where user can define a, b, and p parameters of elliptic curve. How can I calculate generator base ...
167 views

### On the fly signatures and zero-knowledge

I am reading some articles which explain on the fly signatures (also called online/offine signatures). The principle is that a few operations do not depend of the message we want to sign, so these ...
32 views

### Encrypted Data length in a CBC Block Cipher

The RFC5246 states the following: The encrypted data length (TLSCiphertext.length) is one more than the sum of SecurityParameters.block_length, TLSCompressed.length, ...
59 views

### Using Skein as PRNG

I have read that the Skein hash can be used for quite a few different functions, including a PRNG. Would using the 1024 Skein hash to return 16KB of data be appropriate for a PRNG? Or would it only be ...
I'm confused with the concepts of pairwise independent hash function and pseudorandom function. They seem identical to me. A family of hash functions $H=\{ h:U \to [m] \}$ is $k$-independent if for ...