# All Questions

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### Why am I getting a wrong output when implementing Feige-Fiat-Shamir ID protocol?

I am trying to implement the Feige-Fiat-Shamir identification protocol. I've read another posting here on this site and I tried to adapt - however the end results always fail to match. Maybe because ...
23 views

### Proof of Integrity in authenticated identity-based encryption

In authenticated ID-based encryption by Benn Lynn, in proof of integrity in section 4.3,Meaning of guess-ID? Why is it assumed that $L_{s}$ is empty, then $B$ fails? If guessed ID, why encryption ...
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### Decryption Queries and its meaning in identity-based encryption

In identity-based encryption, for security proof, they sometimes describe random oracle for decryption queries. Therefore, I wonder decryption is handled by decryption oracle for all users? Users need ...
623 views

### What are some good examples of modifying crypto where flaws are not really obvious? [closed]

I run into some developers from time to time who sometimes try to modify crypto which I end up saying along the lines of "Don't modify crypto." Usually, the question I get is - "OK, tell me why is ...
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### In NTRU, if $N$ is not prime, prove that one can recover the private key by solving a lattice problem in dimension lower than $2N$

In the NTRU cryptosystem, it is suggested to take $N$ prime. I want to understand why. In Jeffrey Hoffstein, Jill Pipher and H. Silverman An Introduction to Mathematical Cryptography, they suggest (...
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### AES Key Generation based on database guid

I am developing a .NET application spanning multiple servers who should all be able to decrypt data stored in a SQL database. My database is multi-company where each company has its own GUID. since ...
14 views

### Decomposing a vector of random bits into constituent XORed vectores

Suppose I have N potential predefined, publicly known (pseudo?) random bit vectors: sequence 1: 1001000101010111001... sequence 2: 0100101011101010100... ... sequence n: 0101101010111010001... ...
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I'm quite new to the topic and read a bit about poodle and padding oracle. I quite understand the "regular" padding oracle attack, substituting the last byte of block(n-1) to determine the last byte ...
48k views

### Should we MAC-then-encrypt or encrypt-then-MAC?

Most of the time, when some data must be encrypted, it must also be protected with a MAC, because encryption protects only against passive attackers. There are some nifty encryption modes which ...
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### Simulation-based proofs - advice tape of reduction algorithm

I am currently reading Yehuda Lindell's amazing tutorial on simulation proof technique and trying to write my own proof for the first time. In page 4 of this tutorial it is mentioned that [...] ...
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### Why are zk-SNARKs possible, in layman's terms

zk-SNARK: Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-interactive Argument of Knowledge From the Ethereum blog: One natural use case for the technology is in identity systems. For example, suppose that you want ...
308 views

### What is the original SKID3 protocol?

While searching for a mutual authentication protocol I often stumbled upon SKID3. However I encountered different variations of it. The basic structure is the following: (1) $A \rightarrow B: r_A$ (...
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### Calculating $d$ in RSA?

I've looked in many places including here and can't get quite the answer... So I thought I'd post a question. I can't grasp how $d$ is calculated. Obviously the problem is that knowing $e$ and $n$ ...
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### Are any of the practical implementations of ORAM being used in a real world system?

The concept of Oblivious RAM (ORAM) was first introduced by Oded Goldreich and Rafail Ostrovsky in 1996. However, in the past 5-10 years there has been a surge in the amount of research that looks ...
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### Will the non-colluding servers communicate in IT-PIR schemes ?

The current literature around Information Theoretic Private Information Retrieval (IT-PIR) schemes assume the existence of multiple copies of the database distributed across non-colluding servers. ...
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### Is it safer to use timestamp in REST authentication?

I am working on a personal project to build a REST authentication system which authenticate clients via three parameters: ...
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### SPDZ protocol: how expensive is it to generate the multiplicative triples?

I am currently reading the full version of the SPDZ protocol. I understand that the online phase does multiplication with computational and communication complexity $O(n)$ by using Beaver's ...
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### Does Kasisky test for Vigenère cyphers assumption always hold?

In the notes from which I'm studying I read about Kasisky test: "Key observation: Two identical segments of $l ≤ L$ plaintext letters, will be encrypted to the same $l ≤ L$ ciphertext letters." ...
673 views

### Creating a hash of XOR'd blocks

Suppose a message $m$ is divided into blocks of length $160$ bits: $m > = M_1 || M_2 || ... || M_l$ And define $h(m) = M_1 \oplus M_2 \oplus ... \oplus M_l$ Which of the three desirable ...
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### Secret sharing scheme with ability to add or update share number

I would like to have a secret sharing scheme with the following properties: Generate secret $S$ a split it to $N$ shares $(s_1, s_2, ..., s_N)$ Require $k$ of $N$ shares in order to reconstruct ...
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### Clarification on the origin of 01 in this oracle padding attack?

I have found what I believe to be a straightforward explanation of the oracle padding attack here: http://robertheaton.com/2013/07/29/padding-oracle-attack/ I am however getting confused by something ...
627 views

### length extension attack on an MD5 hash of a text file of about 10K Bytes?

How much computing time on a typical desktop computer would it take to find a new length and new data to extend a text file of about 10K Bytes with a given MD5 hash?
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### Uniform distribution/randomness of characters in the sha256 hash?

I'm using the sha256 algorithm to generate a number in one of my programming projects. A sha256 hash is calculated from three strings: one the user can edit, one the user can view but not edit and one ...
44 views

### How does Ring Learning with Errors work? [closed]

I read that Google want to integrate this into HTTPS because it is safe against quantum computers. However, the Wikipedia article might as well be written in Latin because it makes very little sense ...
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### HMAC vs CMAC, which is faster?

I want to know which is faster-HMAC or CMAC.I know CMAC is based on block cipher encryption,where output of each block is X-OR with the next plain text block. If security is not a concern,which will ...
316 views

### RSA and ECDSA Certificate Sizes

Is there a table (or a whitepaper from official sources) that compares the size of X509 certificates generated with RSA (starting from 1024 bits) and ECDSA (starting from 160 bits) ? Thanks for the ...
134 views

### Proof that perfect privacy implies that the number of keys is at least the number of messages

I was reading a proof to the statement: Perfect privacy implies that $|K| = |M|$ where I am pretty sure that $K$ is the set of keys and $M$ is the set of messages. The proof is the following, ...
188 views

### How to prove that a function F isn't a pseudo random function

Let $F$ be a length-preserving pseudorandom function. For the following constructions of a keyed function $F' : \{0, 1\}^n \times \{0, 1\}^{n−1} \to \{0, 1\}^{2n}$, state whether $F'$ is a ...
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### How to glean info from a message that simply has the letters shuffled?

Suppose someone had published a several hundred page (sensitive) book, but had randomized all of the letters in an order known only to them (e.g. with a vector of random numbers of the same length as ...
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### Plaintext for randomness evaluation of cryptographic algorithms?

I’m running an experiment to test the randomness output of many cryptographic algorithms based on INST test suite to measure the randomness of their outcome. However I’m searching to a sample data ...
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### TLS RSA Certificate with Elliptic Curve Negotiation

When I look at Google's Public Key in Firefox I get PKCS #1 SHA-256 With RSA Encryption Yet according to SSL Labs Google has EC 256 bits / SHA256withRSA and supports ...
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### Secure algorithm for calculating token and comparison

I am trying to define algorithm that would create a irreversible token from IDs, which are 10 digit information, and then would be compared on two different end points. Between end points, only ...
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### Ciphertext with uneven letter distribution

I have a ciphertext encrypted with an unknown method. It is part of a challenge (personal quest), so I can not post it. The letter statistics is the following: ...
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### Efficiency of oblivious algorithms vs non-oblivious algorithms?

Recently, plenty of researchers are looking at designing efficient data-oblivious algorithms. Roughly speaking, an algorithm is said to be data-oblivious if its data access patterns are independednt ...
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### Chance of finding the right key by exhaustively searching on half of the key space

An exhaustive search of half the key space requires $2^{n-1}$ work and provides the right answer 75% of the time. If the attacker finds the key, he knows the answer. If he doesn't find the key, he ...
619 views

### Is braid-based cryptography proven insecure when looking towards post-quantum cryptography?

Braid groups has drawn the attention of cryptographers for a few years, as a promising platform for post-quantum cryptographic protocols. The security of the proposed schemes mostly relied on ...
350 views

### How were shift amount constants in MD5 found?

The md5 specification gives a series of 4 rounds to execute over a 16-word block. Each round has a repeating sequence of 4 shift amounts (s in ...
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### PBKDF2 with the same salt for all IDs

I have a unique identifiers that I would like to keep secure and provide information about it through tokens. These tokens should be verifiable after using the same algorithm on other end system with ...
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### How to prove a function is pseudorandom function?

I am currently enrolled in a cryptography course, which uses the book by Katz and Lindell. I am using a function having $F_{k}$ = $A_{k}(B_{k}(r,m),r)$, the random number is generated using the ...
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### How was the special DES key 0E329232EA6D0D73 found?

The DES key 0E329232EA6D0D73 has the unusual property that decrypting a ciphertext block consisting entirely of zeros gives a plaintext block consisting of eight repetitions of the same byte (0x87). ...
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### How to compromise the privacy of NaCl encrypted messages, when nonce is reused?

I want to know to how break NaCl encryption when a nonce is used more than once for a given key private key. According to PyNaCl docs: It is VITALLY important that the nonce is a nonce, i.e. it is ...
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### What is a simple information authentication protocol for constrained devices?

Background: I have an application where devices will poll information from some source on the network. These devices are very basic and have modest processing and memory capabilities. Hashing (and ...
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### AMD's implementation of RDRAND instruction

The latest AMD programmer manuals, dated June 2015, include the RDRAND instruction in the instruction set. For completeness, it lacks ...