# All Questions

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### How to compute accumulated values in bilinear map accumulators

How to compute $g^{1/(e_1+s)}$, where $g$ is the generator of group $\mathbb G$, and $e_1$ and $s$ are keys? I know only $s$ and $g^{e_1}$, not $e_1$. $\mathbb G$ has prime order for some prime $p$ ...
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### ECC vs RSA: how to compare key sizes?

I know and I have understood the details of RSA, elliptic curve cryptography, (EC)DH and (EC)DSA. I keep reading everywhere that (if we don't consider non-deterministic computers) "ECC can achieve ...
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### Avoiding known plaintext attacks with an additional XOR-Layer

Can a cipher that is vulnerable to an known plaintext attack be made secure by adding an additional XOR-encryption? That is: suppose I have an (w.l.o.g. symmetric) encryption algorithm E were the ...
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### AES_GMAC implementation [closed]

I need to implement AES_GMAC encryption and decryption in c/c++ programming language. For the implementation, I have referred following document: ...
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### with RSA encryption, how do I find the md5sum of the private key from the public key?

This is a purely mathematical question on RSA encryption. Having $e$ as the public key exponent and $n$ the modulus of a public key. Can I recover the md5sum of the private key $d$ (inverse of $d$ ...
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### Feldman's VSSS: Showing the Correctness of shares that are Consistent

This is something with which I am struggling to get my head around. In Feldman's VSSS, I am aware that the Dealer broadcasts exponentials $a_{1},...,a_{t-1}$ of the secret $K$ and the coefficients ...
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### What is the main difference between a key, an IV and a nonce?

What are the main differences between a nonce, a key and an IV? Without any doubt the key should be kept secret. But what about the nonce and the IV? What's the main difference between them and their ...
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### how does an initialization vector work? [duplicate]

Can somebody please explain how an initialization vector works. My current understanding is that it is used to prevent 2 of the same messages looking identical after encryption, but isn't this the ...
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### How do institutions like banks do RSA with big primes?

When encrypting with RSA it is often infeasible to decrypt by just doing c^d mod n, because for example when using the primes $(p,q)=(12553,1233)$, which are small ...
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### Segmenting encryption to get the same results with the same key

The given examples below are dummy and in English. They are mainly for place holding as this is a concept question rather specific example based Given AES has a block size of 128 bit (16 letters of ...
241 views

### Zero-knowledge proof of a product

I have non-negative integers $x,y,z$. I'm going to give you commitments $C(x),C(y),C(z)$ to them. Then, I would like to prove in zero knowledge that $xy=z$. I can choose the commitment scheme to ...
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### Key Check Value standard pratice for asymetric cryptography?

I'm looking for a standard, or sound industry practice, for the equivalent of a Key Check Value, applied to the private key of a public key algorithm, like ECDSA. For DES or 3DES keys, practice (as ...
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### Reciprocal block ciphers

I'm interested in the property of involution in block ciphers and how one would go about constructing one. Creating a cipher where $E_K(E_K(M))=M$ for any $M$ and $K$ isn't an obvious task and the use ...
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### Found a way to crack AES-128, what now?

I have just found a way to crack AES-128 in a reasonable time (1-2 days). How do I publish and prove this? I remember reading about lots of people who cracked DES and other ciphers but how did they ...
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### Diffie Hellman Exponentiation Implementation Problem

im trying to work on key agreement schemas on embeded systems. for diffie hellman, ive written a 256 bit multiplication, on AVR core it takes about 2 seconds on 1Mhz frequency, lets say my algorithm ...
1k views

### How to break AES/CBC/PKCS5 when key and IV are reused?

I'm doing a code review for a crypto solution that reuses the same key with a constant IV. I want to demonstrate that this is not the right way to do things by figuring out the key and decrypting all ...
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### Key derivation design to avoid key leaks

I have the first function that generates keys from AES decryption (128-bit key). It takes seed as input: ...
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### RSA: How to calculate the private exponent?

I have this problem: In RSA algorithm considering $n=33$ (modulus) and public exponent $e=3$, calculate the corresponding private exponent $d$. I know that $d = e^{-1} \pmod{\varphi(n)}$ and ...
195 views

### Looking For Additively Homomorphic Encryption

I have a construction that requires as primitive an Additively Homomorphic Encryption scheme that does not rely on hidden group order, meaning I can't use Paillier. I now have two different ...
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### Optimal bandwidth cost for Oblivious RAM

Goldreich and Ostrovsky show that any ORAM algorithm must have bandwidth cost $\Omega(logN)$, where $N$ is the total number of blocks outsourced. This is in Theorem C of this paper. But they didn't ...
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### XOR = Best encryption? [duplicate]

If you have a TRULY random key (in binary) and you have a text (in binary) that you want to encrypt. Can you simple XOR the key and the text? Is that secure? How secure?
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### Pailler encryption of small integers to 32-bit integers

I want to encrypt very small integers in the range 0-44 using the Paillier cryptosystem. Is there a way to select p, ...
64 views

### Definition of the term “key”

I've looked in many places (NIST, text books, online resources) and I cannot find an answer to the definition of the term "key" from a semantic point of view. Is it the "key" to cipher-texts (i.e. ...
44 views

### Turning data into seemingly random noise

I am currently working on a python script that does image steganography, altering the least significant bit on each channel of the image. Now imagine encrypting a file with a bunch of null bytes, or ...
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### How to make PKCS conformation oracle for trying Bleichenbacher’s RSA attack?

I was trying to understand Bleichenbacher’s CCA attack and thought of work it out in python. Can some one throw some light on the the logic behind the oracle used to check PKCS conformation? Will a ...
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### How to create a PEM file for storing an RSA key?

I have an RSA private key $\{d,n\}$ and a public key $\{e,n\}$, where $n$ is the modulus, and I also have the prime factors $p$ and $q$ of $n$. I want to create a PEM file containing this ...
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### Understanding Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange [closed]

Help me understand the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange From what I understand: Agreed upon numbers: Both parties agree on the value of a large prime number $p$ and a generator $g$. The users each ...
339 views

### At what point can you you implement crypto algorithms?

First off, this feels like it should be a common question, so I'm sorry if I've missed an older thread. Note that in my question, I'm talking about "implementing AES" rather than "designing AES2" or ...
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### If someone had a list of all primes, would it be possible for them to factor any integer in polynomial time? [duplicate]

For example, if they somehow got a function that would churn out any arbitrary amount of primes in a row. Could they break the RSA problem then?
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### “Strict” software for playing and learning with private and public key

my question is just for teaching/learning practice and I think it's not meaningful for the real world. I've played with openssl a lot but from my understanding it's somehow not strict in the format ...
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### Missing public exponent

Using LUC RSA, I have a list of 8 public keys $(R_1,n_1)$ through $(R_8,n_8)$, and a list of $8$ messages $M_1\dots M_8$. The messages have all been double encrypted. However, one of the public key ...
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### Brute-force attack given small search-space and hash prefix

Suppose we have a value $secret which is a random 56-bit (7-byte) string. Suppose an adversary wishes to discover$secret. The ...
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### Does the Paillier system remain secure if it is used to encrypt only binary values, i.e. {0, 1}?

Is there any security compromises if the Paillier system was used to encrypt only binary message in {0, 1}? i.e., plaintexts are either 0 or 1.
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### How does the certificate authority generate a signature F?

E=encrypt(K,M) - is message M encrypted with key K gives encrypted text E M=decrypt(K,E) - is encrypted text E decrypted with key K gives message M KCA−pub,KCA−priv - is the private-public key pair ...
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### Sage Vs C++(with NTL) for implementing cryptosystems

Is Sage a better alternative to C++(with NTL), for programming that involves math objects like polynomial rings in cryptosystems? I hear that Sage is an open source alternative to Magma. I have used ...
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### Algorithm for n-of-m keys with partial results

Is there any known and proven algorithm which allows n-of-m keys en/decryption, but doesn't require the keys to be in one location? That is, it allows the plaintext (or ciphertext) to be encrypted (or ...
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### Why does Diffie-Hellman need be a cyclic group?

Why is Diffie-Hellman defined on a cyclic group? Doesn't it work for any commutative operation which the inverse is hard to find? Say Alice and Bob agree in a public prime $c$ and both choose a ...
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### PyCrypto export/import of signature [migrated]

created a client-server application with sockets and I am trying to transfer the signature from client to server. I convert it from tuple to string and then back to tuple. But signing stops working. ...
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### Is encryption time greater than decryption time?

Is encryption time always greater than decryption time for all encryption techniques (AES / DES / RSA / DNA), or is there a mistake somewhere in my implementation?

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