# All Questions

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### Proving property of Modified Rabin Signature

I'm trying to prove one of the properties of the “Modified Rabin Signature Scheme”: If $gcd(x, n) = 1$, then $x^{\frac{(p−1)(q−1)}{2}} \equiv 1 \pmod n$ This is what I’ve got so far… Proof Let ...
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### Is there a way to optimize a linear scan while preserving anonymity?

I've been wrestling with a problem, and I was hoping if someone else had a bright idea. Here's the problem: I have two sides, Alice and Bob. Alice has a single high entropy string $A$, and Bob has a ...
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### how to define the Truncated Polynomial?

In NTRUEncryption, I seen the trucated polynimials, but I cannot understand the trunacated polynomial calculation. So, could tell me anyone How do we calculate the truncated polynomial?
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### How does one attack a two-time pad (i.e. one time pad with key reuse)?

My question might appear the same as the question Taking advantage of one-time pad key reuse?, but actually I did read all the answers and none of them helped me with the details I need. I am new to ...
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I need to store passwords for a web application, and was looking at Bcrypt for a possible solution. After some research, it appears only the first 72 bytes influence the final hash output. While it is ...
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### Is there a standard for hashing a list of strings?

I'm working in Python, and my goal is to hash a list of strings with a cryptographic hash function such as sha256. It would need the property that a change in any string, or the order of the strings, ...
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### Any stream cipher with avalanche effect?

As far as I know, all stream ciphers work by generating a stream of pseudo random bytes, and XOR it with the plain text to get the cipher text. It has the property that one bit change in the cipher ...
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### Exactly how bad is using 'mod' to clamp reduce numbers to a given range?

Let's say I'm naive and want to generate a random integer in the range [0, m), so I do the following: ...
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### Can BPS be used to encrypt a single integer, and restrict the output to a certain range?

As per specifications document, "We have the natural restriction that at least two characters must be ciphered, i.e. $b \geq 2$" where each character is represented by an integer of certain ...
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### Re-encrypting this decrypted data

I got this data: ...
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### With OpenSSL and ECDHE, how to show the actual curve being used?

Using openssl s_client -host myserver.net -port 443 I can see the cipher negotiated is indeed using ECDHE for session key ...
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### RSA algorithm private key extraction

Decrypting messages can be done by using the following formula: $$M = C^d \mod n$$ Where $M$ is the decrypted message, $C$ is the encrypted message and $d$ is the private key Theoretically ...
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### Is this a good communication scheme?

I'm writing a wrapper for a chat program to allow for end-to-end encryption. I'm using Python and PyCrypto to accomplish this. I'd like to use a well known library to do this, but to my knowledge, ...
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### RSA numerical questions

Let $n$ be the modular arithmetic, $p$ and $q$ the two large primes such that $n=p*q$ and $e$ the public exponent. Here they are two "simple" numerical questions: If $p = 13$ and $q = 17$, what is ...
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### Difference between AES CMAC and AES HMAC?

Can someone elaborate on how 'signing' is done using AES- CMAC and AES-HMAC? HMAC Signing as I understand: Compute the HMAC( Hash the key and the input concatenated in a special way) Verification: ...
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