# All Questions

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### Does the SSH protocol preserve integrity if an endpoint is cloned?

I am trying to find out if the SSH protocol preserves integrity of the transferred data in the following scenario: The SSH client is running on a virtual machine, at some point in the middle of the ...
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### How can I prove CPA secure by using a new scheme gen,enc,dec from GEN,ENC,DEC?

Given public key encryption scheme $(gen; enc; dec)$, we now construct a new scheme $(Gen; Enc; Dec)$ as follows: The key generation algorithm $Gen$ is the same as $gen$. Each ciphertext for a ...
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### Need 32-bit mixing function that has perfect avalanche between octets

for my hobby tinkering project, I need a mixing function that takes 32-bit input and has 32-bit output (and will, most likely, run in a 32-bit C environment) and the following property (independent of ...
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### Do OpenPGP SmartCards have the same or better security than an air-gapped machine?

Are OpenPGP SmartCards, such as the OpenPGP SmartCard V2, suitable enough to have secure communications? Meaning, if I connect my smart card to my Mac which is connected to the internet and always ...
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### Is it true the longer the key length is the more secure the encryption?

Then why don't we use xxxxxxx bits encryption? what stopping us from using a very lengthy key? I am referring to the encryption we use with SSL
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### Why do we need to compute message digest of a message first while signing it?

Why it is more efficient to compute a message digest of message and digitally sign it then, rather than sign the message directly?
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### Why is g is less than p in Diffie-Hellman?

In non-authenticated DH, p and g are made as public record. p needs to be a large prime number and g should be smaller than p. Why does g need to be smaller than p?
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### What is the value of Q such that Q|P-1 where P is a prime number?

For my crypto assignment, I'm asked to enter a prime P and generate Q such that Q|P-1 Can anyone guide me what is Q|P-1?
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### recommendation to see documentaries about history of cryptography

Can anybody recommend any good documentaries which go into some history about cryptography and state of cryptography as of date ? I am not asking for favorites or subjective good documentaries but ...
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### Can we give access to controlled functionality in Fully homomorphic encryption schemes?

Homomorphic encryption schemes are PKE schemes with an additional special method Evaluate. Evaluate method takes input any function (as boolean circuit) and encrypted inputs of the function and ...
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### Is RSA encryption of a cryptographic hash with a private key the same as signature generation?

It is often said that RSA encryption with a private key is the same as signing (signature generation). Will RSA encryption with a private key over a cryptographic hash give the same result as ...
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### Crypto-Compression Algorithms?

I was wondering, whether there exist such algorithms/enciphering procedures which both compress and encrypt the input data. That means, for starters, the output will be both smaller in size and ...
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### Are there some problems to use pseudo-random number generator in Smart Card?

A Smart Card is a kind of secure device, with limited storage capacity and computational resource. If we use a Pseudo-Random Number Generator to generate random numbers in a Smart Card, then is there ...
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### FEAL-4 Fk Function 4 Rounds

As I understood in FEAL-4 it needs 4 pair of round keys. Which means that we need to launch Fk function 4 times, but the problem occures on the 2nd round. At first round we have original 64 bits key ...
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### Available programs that can verify the working of a simple substitution cipher

Is there any tool available that can test whether a simple substitution cipher is working. I will put my scenario in detail. Lets say I built a simple substitution cipher that maps 8 bit data to 16 ...
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### What are the advantages of Certificate Authority and Key Distribution Center over each other?

I want know difference among them. What are advantages/disadvantage of one on other?
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### Repeated XOR decryption [closed]

I have this message in Hex: ...
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### Davies-Meyer Hash Function

So the Davies-Meyer Hash Function is: Hi = Hi−1 ⊕ exi (Hi−1) Say I pick H0 = 1110 0011 And the message x1 = "5" or "0000 0101" Is this the correct way to compute H1? H1 = 1110 0011 ⊕ (0000 0101 ⊕ ...
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### Franklin-Reiter related message attack m2 = a(m1)+b

As shown in their paper, https://www.cs.unc.edu/~reiter/papers/1996/Eurocrypt.pdf, if one is given an equation relating the two messages m1 and m2 as well as other information one can crack both the ...
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### What does “circuits” mean in Cryptography?

I am not a hardcore cryptographer so this might be a really stupid question. I am looking through some papers in homomorphic encryption and discovered they describe computation as "circuits", why do ...
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### Linear transformation proof

Ok, so I have this question and I honestly have no idea how to prove it. I know that the function is linear and I know it works for every possible combination, I just don't know how to prove it in an ...
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### Is it possible to add OpenSSL engine for a block algorithm with different input and output block size?

I need to add a new symmetric cryptography algorithm to OpenSSL, and I thought that the best way to do it is via its engine API. This algorithm will later be used by an application via the OpenSSL ...
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### Cracking secret key of a MD5 hash?

I have a MD5 hash which is obtained by hashing certain strings appended by a pipe character ( | ). (I know the values of these) A secret key is added as a suffix to this (I don't know the secret key). ...
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### Encrypting with Davies-Meyer hash function scheme

So I need to to illustrate Davies-Meyer hash function for a message “123” with 1-byte blocks. I can use the extended ASCII representation where each character is represented as a byte. And I can pick ...
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### How does one calculate a primitive root for Diffie-Hellman?

In the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, one of the steps involves calculating a primitive root of a prime number $p$. How would one go about doing so, considering that $p$ could be very large? Is there ...
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### Is a die implemented in a physics engine truly random?

So, a fair die throw is really random, not pseudo. So, would a RNG implemented as the result of a die throw in a physics engine (say, Newton, Havok, Nvidia's PhysX) be regarded as both ...
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### Brute Force AES Calculations

I have an encryption service in which the user decides the length and the type of key, so I would like to build a tool that educates the user on the brute force times for the key they created if using ...
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### Crytosystems used to generate public key certificate

Where can we find the cryptosystems used to generate public key certificate? Are the cryptosystems under the signature algorithm and signature hash algorithm? Do I need to analyze the packets ...
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### NIST implementation of the Lucas primality test

The NIST standard FIPS 186-4 describes an implementation of the Lucas primality test in section C.3.3. I can follow the algorithm but I am puzzled by step 6.2: ...
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### Key escrow on indistinguishability games

Does it mean that when PPT attacker is breaking an indistinguishable based (equivalent with semantic security) game with non negligible probability that he is able to infer the secret keys either on ...
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### What are SNARKs?

What does it mean and what is it used for, I have been hearing this term a lot lately. From the context I've heard it talked about it seems to be connected with zero knowledge?
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### Why is OCB-AES mode not becoming a standard for authenticated encryption?

The OCB mode of authenticated encryption (used for example with AES) is the fastest way to provide authenticity and confidentiality without having to strive into questions like: Encrypt then MAC, MAC ...
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### In RSA, why does Alice's $N$ need to be relatively prime to Bob's $N$?

I was asked this by my professor and I didn't understand the reasoning behind it. If Alice has a the key pair $(p_a, n_a)$ and Bob has the key pair $(p_b, n_b)$, why do $n_a$ and $n_b$ have to be ...
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### RSA-Like encryption for embedded systems

I have been asked to study an encryption/decryption scheme in embedded systems, In the first figure you can see the process. I can't really seem to understand the process, its vulnerability, or find ...
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### Understanding Cryptography practically [closed]

I have just undergone a one semester course in cryptography. I was introduced to multiple theoretical aspects, the way several algorithms work, the methods and their stability and so on. Due to time ...
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### AES mix column stage

In a PDF related to AES algorithm for mix column stage is written: The multiplication mentioned above is performed over a Galois Field. The mathematics behind this is beyond the scope of this ...
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### What is more secure, a ciphertext encrypted with AES-256 or encrypted with 3 different AES-128 keys?

Or better yet, is encrypting a block with 2 AES-128 keys just as secure as encrypting a block with 1 AES-256 key? By the way, I've only recently been learning cryptography stuff; I've made working ...