# All Questions

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### Can you explain “k out of n” from the VCS paper by Naor and Shamir

I am new to visual cryptography. I’ve just read the paper “Visual Cryptography” by Moni Naor and Adi Shamir and I'm stuck on the chapter about the “$k$ out of $n$” construction. I am aware that, on ...
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### How to compare performances of lattice-based and pairing-based IBE schemes

I try to compare the performances (cost of Enc, Dec, ... size of keys, ciphertexts, ...) of IBE schemes using lattices (LWE hardness assumption) or pairing (Diffie-Hellman hardness assumption). I've ...
696 views

### Is it usual for a signed message to contain the public key of the signer?

In protocols/systems which use ECDSA, is it common for the message to contain the public key of the message signer? If not, how do recipients know that the message has been signed by the correct ...
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### What is the correct name for bytes which are to be signed?

I have some bytes, and I sign them with my private key using ECDSA. The resultant (71) bytes are the signature. But what is the name of the bytes I have signed? (If this were encryption, they would ...
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### Forcing participants to be honest in Secure Multiparty Communication

Alice and Bob engage to compute a secure function f(a,b) where a and b must be present in a ...
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### Usefulness of ability to calculate $m^{p+q}$ with RSA

I noticed that with only an RSA public key, it is possible/tractable to calculate $m^{p+q} \pmod n$ for any $m$ without knowing $p$ or $q$. Namely, $m^{p+q} \equiv m^{n+1} \pmod n$. (This follows ...
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### Large primes p and q for RSA

I am writing a high-school paper on textbook RSA (the mathematical aspect only). Many definitions of the RSA method start off with saying that one should: Generate two large random (and distinct) ...
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### Is there any reason not to use Single-Key EM with AES and a constant key?

I've read recently the paper "Minimalism in Cryptography: The Even-Mansour Scheme Revisited" by Dunkelman, Keller and Shamir where it is claimed that the following construction (Single-Key EM) is ...
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### how does the simulator work when the corrupted party has no input?

"the only thing the simulator can do in the ideal model is to choose the corrupted parties' inputs." Yehuda Lindell said. 1- what will happen when the corrupted parties have no inputs to the protocol?...
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### ECSchnorr Still getting wrong (hash?) results [closed]

I'm writing Schnorr signature algorithm on elliptic curves. I get instructions from here (page 128) Here's my code ...
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### Is it possible to reduce the size of an RSA key?

The details about what an RSA key is made up of are explained succinctly here. Is it possible to reduce the amount of data that's usually packaged with the (private) key and then derive it later?
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### Is XTS basically the cheapest form of (secure) double-encryption?

XTS, as given by the below equation, is a mode of operation primarily targeting full-disk encryption scenarios. By the way it works it also doubles the keylength although a meet-in-the-middle attack ...
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### Existence of a random function under constraints

Let $F_1$ and $F_2$ be two random functions taking as input $N$ bits and returning $N$ bits. Let $C_1$ and $C_2$ two constants of $N$ bits. Is there a random function $P$ taking as input $2N$ bits and ...
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### Developing algorithm for detecting plain text via frequency analysis

First post on Crypto SE, so I've attempted to search the term "English" and looked through the first 10 pages of results, to see if this was a common question, I couldn't find a suitable answer. I'm ...
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### TPM authorization Digest calculation

I am going through Steven Kinney's book; "Trusted Platform Module Basics", and pp 90 - 92 discuss how to calculate the authorization digest. He talks about 1H1, 2H1, 3H1, and 4H1 fields which I do not ...
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### how to decrypt hidden text under numbers? [closed]

got a question as follows - how to decrypt below in to letters knowing that crypting language is 469 and it base ofcourse on mathematic. 46781! 9063376290 3222011 677 80322429 67538 14805394, 6880326 ...
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### How to convert RSA public keys to one key to use for text hashing?

I've recently asked a question about RSA encryption. One of the things that I don't understand is the usage of two public keys. In the example on Wikipedia, a message is encrypted like: ...
173 views

### Security of a self-decrypting block-cipher?

If I have a block-cipher like for example AES, a plaintext $x$, we use different function to encrypt and decrypt : $\text{encrypt}(x) = y$ , $\text{decrypt}(y)=x$. Now, if we build a function with a ...
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### Which is/are the strongest known Fully Homomorphic Encryption scheme(s)?

As it is discussed here that the highest security any homomorphic encryption scheme is at most IND-CCA1, Is there any known fully homomorphic encryption scheme that achieves this security level? Out ...
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### Security game oracle queries

Concerning private key (symmetric) IND-CPA game definition: Attacker $A$ queries the encryption oracle polynomial number of times. $A$ sends the challenger $C$ a message pair $m_0$ and $m_1$. $C$ ...
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### How do you communicate the hash function used with RSA signing?

When it comes to RSA signing, I understand why you need to hash the data before signing it, but don't you need to communicate what hash algorithm you use to whoever will need to verify the signature? ...
178 views

### Curve25519 - Alice can decrypt her own message to Bob?

I'm developing an application with multiple clients and one server. All clients will have the same hard-coded Curve25519 key pair as well as the server's public key. The server will have its own key ...
84 views

### KFB mode - key feedback

Please, could someone explain to me how the Key feedback mode (KFB) mode works and what the IV in output block stands for? And what properties does the "constant input" has to provide? Should it be ...
324 views

### How to build a difference distribution table?

i am studying about differential cryptanalysis, and found one metric to measure the resistance of a sbox to it, but to use it, it is necessary to build a difference distribution table, like the one in ...
Take the lifted ElGamal as an example: suppose the original ciphertext is $<g^y ~mod~q,~g^m~mod~q>$. After some calculations, $m$ could be large enough to do modular. But I don't want $m$ to be ...