# All Questions

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### Why IV does not have to be secret yet has to be random [duplicate]

The IV used in schemes such as CBC has to be random and unpredictable. But at the same time it does not have to be kept secret. If the IV does not have to be secret, why does it have to be random ...
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### Choise enother scheme to basises of lattice cryptosystem

In the lattice cryptosystem to find a good or bad basis we apply "hadamard Ratio". But in high dimension computing of this ratio is hard. dose any other scheme exist to solve this problem?
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### What does CMS standard mean by “initial input to the message digest”

I'm really grinding my teeth against digest calculation explanation in the CMS standard. Let's consider the case when the signedAttrs are present. The first ...
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### How to prove that a function is not pseudorandom?

I am currently enrolled in a cryptography course, which uses the book by Katz and Lindell. I'm struggling with the exercies which ask for proofs, like the following one: Let G(k) be a PRG with |k|...
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### Counting points on elliptic curve over binary field

How to count number of rational points on elliptic curve over binary field?
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### What advantages does Keccak have over Blake-2?

Keccak/SHA-3 is new NIST standard for cryptographic hash functions. However, it is much slower than Blake-2 in software implementations. Does Keccak have compensating advantages?
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### Authenticated Encryption of UDP packets

I am working on a UDP based file transfer protocol. Congestion Control, Resending of packages and other UDP challenges are dealt with - speedtests shows that the protocol is up to 10 times faster than ...
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### NIST PRIMES - cryptography

I have a problem, If I have $p = \text{P-192} = 2^{192} - 2^{64} - 1$ with the base $2^{64}$ so, $2^{192} \equiv 2^{64} + 1 \pmod p$ the same that $(p=\text{P-192})$ or \$2^{256} \equiv 2^{128} + 2^{...
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### What is the correct definition of the blowfish F-function?

The Blowfish cipher uses a so called F-function which uses S-Boxes (S[i], i=0,1,2,3) to ...
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### Encrypt-then-authenticate variant used in IPsec

I am trying to understand the variant of Encrypt-then-Authenticate (EtA) that is used in IPsec. For this I have looked at this chapter. What I got so far is that the integrity and confidentiality ...
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### Why is 2048-bit RSA always paired with 320-bit ECC?

You may already have noticed that most smart cards ship with 2048-bit RSA support and 320-bit ECC over GF(p) support. You may have already asked yourself "why exactly 320-bit?". Now I remember having ...