# All Questions

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### Is there any function that does not suffers birthday problem?

I am eager to know that if there is any function that does not suffer birthday problem and how to prove it formally that the function is not suffering the birthday problem.
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### Integer factorization still hard with Hamming weight hypothesis?

Consider the following problem: Factorize a $n$-bit integer $c$ knowing that it is the product of two integers with known Hamming weight $h$. Is there a way to prove that this is still hard? I have ...
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### How to implement 1-out-of-n OT from 1-out-of-2 OT?

How can I implement a 1-out-of-$n$ oblivious transfer protocol from 1-out-of-2 OT protocol which is resistant against passive corruption? Assume we can access 1-out-of-2 OT $n$ times.
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### Encrypt-then-HMAC implementation - am I doing it right?

I want to implement authenticated encryption using C#. There is a dot net class called encryptAndAuthenticate, but it is only supported on windows 8 or later, and I need the code to also work on ...
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### What problems with “random” data would cause this result from Ent?

I'm playing around with a novel kind of source of "random" data and Ent is currently giving me results like this: Entropy = 7.977080 bits per byte. Optimum compression would reduce the size of this ...
121 views

### Calculation of the avalanche effect coefficient

Given a strict avalanche criterion matrix/dependence matrix for a hash function,how do I calculate the avalanche coefficient for it. I want to calculate a single parameter(value) which represents the ...
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### If we should not reuse primes in DH, shouldn't we not reuse ECDH elliptic curve properties?

An article How is NSA breaking so much crypto? describes NSA's methods for breaking encryption. If a client and server are speaking Diffie-Hellman, they first need to agree on a large prime number ...
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### Could a strong round function be immune to slide attacks

An excerpt from the wikipedia article on slide attacks states: ...The only requirements for a slide attack to work on a cipher is that it can be broken down into multiple rounds of an identical F ...
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### Exposed raw RSA private key operation

Assume that there is a smartcard or other hardware token that exposes the raw RSA private key operation (modular exponentiation, with or without CRT parameters). Is there any possibility that raw RSA ...
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### Is WPA2(PKS) AES vulnerable to 4 way hand shake and brute force attack?

I can easily crack a WPA TKIP using a dictionary/brute force method, provided that I collect the four way handshake. Is the same method possible on WPA2 AES? I cannot find any articles about '4 way ...
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### Does a key derivation function always generate an even distribution of bits in the resulting key?

I am a student of crypto. During our study course, we went into the AES-128 algorithm. All the examples given used an initial key k, 128 bits and we only briefly touched on the key derivation of ...
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### Can a list of hashes with property $X_{n+1} = \operatorname{SHA-256}(X_n)$ loop?

This is the situation: I have a list of hashes where each hash is always the SHA-256 of the one above it. If I keep going down the list it must at some point loop since there can only be $16^{64}$ ...
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### Is there any more asymetric-time permutation than x^3 (mod p)?

I've been using "asymetric-time bijective functions (or permutations)" for several practical uses. I've applied them to solve problems in software-attestation and proof of unique blockchain storage. ...
150 views

### What's the issue with Apple's backdoor?

I was reading Apple's public letter here regarding the "backdoor" that they have been asked to create. I'm very unclear exactly what the issue is. There was no backdoor in the encryption algorithm ...
119 views

### Common Modulus Attack not reproducible

I want to calculate a simple example of the RSA common modulus attack. However, the result is not correct and I do not find my mistake. p=$29, q=37, n=p*q = 1073, \phi(n) = 1008, e1 = 5, e2 = 11$ ...
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For a personal project, I'm building a password manager, based off the project in this syllabus from Stanford http://crypto.stanford.edu/~dabo/cs255/hw_and_proj/proj1.pdf Since I don't exactly have ...
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### What algorithm to use to rotate values in a predefined manner and be able to decrypt them back to the original?

What is the best practice to accomplish this? For example, let's have an initial value abc123456 and a seed secret_hash. I want ...
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### Contrasting Key Rotation Requirements : Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Ciphers

I'm trying to contrast key rotation requirements for asymmetric and symmetric ciphers. In the case of symmetric ciphers, we have the results such as the so called "CBC Theorem" (stated on pg. 24 of ...
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### Compromise between HMAC and Digital Signature, by encrypting and sending secret key?

For achieving stateless authentication tokens (like JWT), is there a compromise between the performance of HMAC, and public key distribution of Digital Signature? Scenario: Sender is a centralized ...
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### Why does HKDF use HMAC(salt, key) instead of HMAC(key, salt)?

I've been looking over the HKDF specs (RFC 5869), and something I noticed is that in the key and salt are reversed: ...
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### Are EC public/private keys significantly weakened by having a known byte?

I would like to use different EC keys for different purposes in an app, and I would like to easily see the purpose for which particular key (pair) was generated. With ~65K attempts, I can generate a ...
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### How were semagrams encrypted in the pre-digital era?

Historically messages in languages that use alphabets have been encrypted manually according to some kind of algorithm (e.g. mono- and poly-alphabetic ciphers). But how wew messages encrypted in a ...
181 views

### Is there a way to prove equality of plaintext that was encrypted using different public keys?

Imagine if Alice encrypts message to Bob (using public key $P_{bob}$) and then Bob encrypts the same message to Carol (using $P_{carol}$). Is there a way for Bob to prove that: $P_{carol}$ was ...
59 views

### State level “Weak Diffie-Hellman” working for SRP too?

I've read about the "Weak Diffie-Hellman" attack (paper, website), where a resourceful entity like a state can pre-compute values for known primes to aid solving the discrete logarithm problem for ...
108 views

### Effect of message length on collision attacks

I know that message collisions are supposed to be hard to calculate for a good cryptographic hash. Given 1k worth of data, it's hard to find another 1k worth of data that collides with the same hash. ...
156 views

### Safe curves in Weierstrass form?

I would like to implement a protocol using elliptic curves. I'm thinking of using MIRACL so using curves in their Weierstrass form is preferable as it they are supported by this framework. I don't ...
97 views

### Are shorter password hashes safe?

How much can I shorten a password hash before it begins to impact security? Suppose that I use PBKDF2 (correctly salted) with HMAC-SHA256 as the PRF. From what I've seen, it's typical to use 256 ...
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### Can a secret message be securely transmitted within a MAC tag?

A sender wants to transmit an ultra secret code $M$ which could be either 'go', 'stop' or 'wait'. This could be any selection of code words really and adopted for any use such as transmitting short ...
218 views

### Security of RSA with $\gcd(pq, (p-1)(q-1))\ne 1$

The Congress of ThéOùÇa enacted that civilian use of any public-key encryption system is authorized on the territory of ThéOùÇa, subject to meeting certain security requirements published by the ...
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### Can we run a probabilistic function on ciphertext with Functional Encryption (or Attribute Based Encryption)?

In the definition of functional encryption ($FE$): $FE.Setup(1^k)$ takes as input the security parameter $1^k$ and outputs a master public key $fmpk$ and a master secret key $fmsk$. \$FE.KeyGen(fmsk, ...
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### Generic group model: use of polynomials in the proof of the master theorem

I've been looking at the paper of Boneh, Boyen, Goh Hierarchical Identity Based Encryption with Constant Size Ciphertext which contains a general theorem (Theorem A.2) about the advantage of an ...