# All Questions

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### Are there any test vectors for the CMS content type AuthEnvelopedData (for AES-GCM)?

I am looking for CMS AuthEnvelopedData test vectors for AES-GCM mode. I haven’t seen any ready-to-use test vectors for it. There are test vectors for AES-GCM mode but not for its CMS support. I even ...
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### Symmetric key in homomorphic encryption over the integers

Much like this question: Public key in fully homomorphic encryption over the integers I am also reading I'm reading Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Integers, but I'm working on implementing the ...
66 views

### Additive homomorphic encryption scheme without change in operator

I'm looking for an additive homomorphic encryption that the addition operator (+) in its plaintext space be the same as addition operator in its ciphertext space. (Schemes like Paillier do addition in ...
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### Explanation of part of a visual cryptography algorithm

I have been working on a project involving visual cryptography and I am stuck with the following problem. My question is related to this paper, AN IMPROVED VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY SCHEME FOR SECRET ...
84 views

### Better lower bound on min-entropy

In “Randomness Condensers for Efficiently Samplable, Seed-Dependent Sources” by Dodis, Ristenpart, and Vadhan (PDF), I have seen the statement that: any tuple of distributions $(X,Z)$ is $ε$-close ...
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### Rationale for use of right-shift (rather than rotate) in SHA-2?

The SHA-2 hashes in FIPS 180 define $\Sigma$ and $\sigma$ bijections of words, with $\Sigma$ used in the round function, and $\sigma$ used in preparing 48 words of message schedule from 16 words of a ...
76 views

### Missing public exponent

Using LUC RSA, I have a list of 8 public keys $(R_1,n_1)$ through $(R_8,n_8)$, and a list of $8$ messages $M_1\dots M_8$. The messages have all been double encrypted. However, one of the public key ...
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### Is the reverse of the “discrete logarithm problem” equally dificult? [duplicate]

It is not easy to understand why this becomes a hard problem. The discrete logarithm problem as defined here: “any integer k that solves $b^k = \{g\mod{n}\}$ is termed a discrete logarithm” i.e.: ...
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### Under what conditions did a Bletchley bombe stop?

I am trying to understand the conditions necessary for one of the Bletchley Park bombes to stop. Let me give an example. I have been experimenting with Enigma machine and bombe simulators to try to ...
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### Looking for C++/Python Open Source code library for cryptanalysis of classical ciphers [closed]

I've done a significant amount of coding over the years working on classical ciphers (e.g., Chaocipher, D'Agapeyeff). My main programming languages today are C++ and Python, although there was a time ...
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### Is the key schedule of Serpent a circle?

The creation of the prekeys for Serpent works by XORing some previous values with a counter and a fixed value. Every word is 32 bits big and 4 words form a round key (after applying a S-Box, but this ...
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### Statistical saturation attack on block ciphers

I was wondering if anyone around here could give me some explanation on this type of attacks. Pretty much the only thing that I could find is A Statistical Saturation Attack against the Block Cipher ...
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### Anonymisation resilient to key leak

Problem statement Elbonian citizens have been issued a card holding a random $B_j\in\{0,1\}^b$, $0\le j<2^n$, $b\ge n+20$ (representative example $b=64$, $n=28$). The habit has grown to use this ...
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### What are the current limitations (and capabilities) of Functional Encryption used for access control?

I'm trying to make my way in Functional Encryption used for access control. I read a lot of papers such as "How to Run Turing Machines on Encrypted Data", "Functional Encryption: New Perspectives and ...
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### Consequences of AES without any one of its operations

Suppose AES-$128$. There are $4$ operations in AES's encryption, they are SubByte, Shift Row, MixColumns and AddRoundKey. Question: If I remove one of the following opearations, what will happen to ...
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### Implementing the Mceliece Encryption - making the Generator Matrix

I am working on an implementation of the Mceliece Encryption system (MCE) and the Niederreiter encryption system. I have been through the basics of finite fields, polynomial arithmetic and some coding ...
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### understanding the proof of knowledge

Recently I've been reading the paper “A New Family of Implicitly Authenticated Diffie-Hellman Protocols”. It's very hard for me to go further. Especially when it comes to the proof of knowledge. ...
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### Feasible way to check n-dimensional equidistribution of PRNGs

I am currently gathering some test methods and test suites for random number generator qualities, and am a bit stuck at finding something feasible to test for n-dimensional equidistribution. As input ...
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### Is there a flaw in this ECC blind signature scheme?

Recently I've found the following work on the internet: An ECC-Based Blind Signature Scheme The paper claims to be an ECDSA blind signature however it seems that their scheme has a flaw in it. The ...
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### Using the same private key for two ECC key pairs

Let $(d_1,Q_1)$ and $(d_2,Q_2)$ be ECC key pairs over two different elliptic curves (say NIST P-224 and NIST P-256). According to the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP), if the private ...
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### How has the “power” of cryptography evolved from its beginnings till today? [closed]

I'm looking for a historical overview for the change in cryptographic power, which I hereby define as How far state-of-the-art cryptography is ahead of state-of-the-art cryptanalysis. In other ...
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### What informal indicators exist for estimating the computational infeasibility of cryptographic problems?

When assuming a block cipher primitive is secure, or a number theoretic problem is hard, this assumption is usually based on how far we are from breaking the primitive or solving the problem using ...
254 views

### Logics for Cryptographic Information Games

Preamble: There is currently a zoo of various logics for evaluating (proving) security in cryptographic protocols. The idea is that, by expressing these protocols using some logic, you can create a ...
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### Complexity class of an idealised version of Bitcoin's proof-of-work (hashcash)? [closed]

To formulate this question precisely, I will define an idealized hypothetical "perfect" hash function $H(n)$ which has nice scalability properties, and will formulate a problem PERFECT HASHCASH in ...
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### Reasons for Chinese SM2 Digital Signature Algorithm

In the IETF RFC draft named "SM2 Digital Signature Algorithm" a signature algorithm is specified. The RFC does however not mention why this signature algorithm has been defined. Nor does it specify ...
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### AES-CTR with ephemeral keys vs IV

Let's say that we have a key exchange of some sort, which leaves A and B sharing the long-term secret $S$. Then, A and B want to use AES-CTR for the communication, which leaves us with several ...
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### Unique GCM/CCM initial counters without recipient side message counters

I am implementing the encryption layer for a communication protocol. The bulk encryption method used is either AES-CCM or AES-GCM. Due to implementation details, encryption of packets is usually, but ...
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### Ring Signature - paper/code difference in trying to solve inverse trap door function?

there is a paper on ring signatures and a python implementation of it here. The Step 4 in the paper describes $y_s = v =C_k,_v(y_1, y_2, ... y_r)$ for all $1 \leq i \leq r$ where $i \neq s$. The ...
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### VIC cipher author known?

Does anybody know if the design of VIC cipher is attributed to anybody? I've tried Google and found nothing. There are quite a few sites describing the method in detail, a few implementing it ...
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### Alternative sources of random numbers

Considering that algorithmic methods for generating unpredictable streams are hard to come by, I've wondered if any of these potential sources are good for making keys, seeds, and the like: stocks, ...
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### Do any non-US ciphers exist?

Plenty of ciphers come out of the USA from government research or selection competitions. AES and DES are examples. Are there any public ciphers produced by other states, China or Iran for example? ...
1k views

### Generate RSA-2048 private key for a VERY fast decryption (don't care if it will be unsecure)

Given public standard RSA exponent e = 65537, is there any (d, n) pairs so that RSA decryption becomes a trivial operation? The modulus n must be no less than 2048-bit. The goal is to get a real ...
669 views

### How to submit a new method of encryption?

I came up with a truly new method of applying modulo-2-addition encryption function in stream ciphers which is inspired by a mechanism used to prove a mathematical theorem. How can I determine whether ...
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### Does a public key absolutely need to be used to initiate an encrypted session?

I am a software developer working on an application with the .NET platform. This application needs to provide a secure connection and encrypt all data between the client and the server. It is a ...
2k views

### Approach towards anonymous e-voting

I want to implement an internet-based e-voting system. Voters shall be able to cast their vote for one out of n possible candidates. Each candidate has his own ballot-box kept by and at a trustworthy ...
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### security of Felix cipher

I just find this pencil and paper cipher 'Felix' and I want to know how secure it is? EDIT From http://web.archive.org/web/20110825142054/http://topcat.hypermart.net/papers/felix.txt Felix a ...
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### How to use HMAC-SHA1, HMAC-SHA2 in conjunction with AES

I understand how to compute HMAC-SHA1, HMAC-SHA2 etcetera. Please explain why/how is the resulting HMAC value is used in conjunction with AES for encryption/decryption and signing/verifying. In ...
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### Malleability attacks against encryption without authentication

Suppose there is a message that is encrypted with AES-128-CBC. The message is as follows, new lines are used to delimit the 16 byte boundary for each block: ...
1k views

### Complexity of arithmetic in a finite field?

I am wondering what the complexities are of adding/subtracting and muliplying/dividing numbers in a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$. I need it to understand an article I am reading. Thank you
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### Authentication using AES

I need to implement an authentication mechanism in an embedded environment which does not support floating point operations but has an AES accelerator module which allows for encyption/decryption ...
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### AES-ECB as an authentication mechanism

ECB is considered to be insecure when used for confidentiality because identical plaintext result with identical ciphertext. But what if we use ECB for authentication? Assume A wants to transmit an ...
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### If Bob steals Alice's private key, how exactly would he read her encrypted documents?

So Bob grabs Alice's secret key when she isn't looking and her encrypted files, doesn't he need to know her passphrase to read her files? What I am reading is that no he does not need it but as far ...
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### For AES CBC, can I encrypt the IV with AES ECB and the same key and include it with the message?

Is it safe to use this process: Generate Key, IV Encrypt Message with Key, IV and AES CBC into EMessage Encrypt IV with ECB into EIV Send over EIV + EMessage Then the recipient Decrypt EIV with ...
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### Why is the private key generated first in public key crypto?

I'm still new to public key crypto. I'm trying to understand how it is that the private key is generated first in public key crypto? I would have expected the private and public key to be generated at ...
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### Why is “multiplying” $g^x$ and $g^y$ not possible?

The computational Diffie-Hellman problem states that for a cyclic group $G$ of order $p$ and a generator $g$, it is hard to find the value $g^{xy}$ given only $g^x$ and $g^y$ (but easy if either $x$ ...
7k views

### What characters does AES output?

From what I understand after testing the Crypto-JS file here: http://crypto-js.googlecode.com/svn/tags/3.1.2/build/rollups/aes.js AES creates encrypted strings that contained letters, both ...
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### A mathematical explanation of the DES encryption system

I need a mathematical explanation of what does the DES encryption system really do. This means I need more explanation than the one that offers FIPS, which is more an explanation for computer ...
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### Verify product without revealing multipliers

Situation: Several participants contribute encrypted random numbers. These numbers will be used to generate community-agreed random (by simple multiplication). Question: Is there any way to detect ...