# All Questions

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### Modular Arithmetic in RSA

Consider the following the following RSA public key $pk = (N, e) = (1457, 1307)$. (a) Knowing that $187^2 \equiv 1 \pmod {1457}$ find the factorization of $N$. (b) Given the factorization of $N$ ...
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### Is it possible to re-generate ECPublic key from raw private key and curve params?

As per my understanding, in Elliptical curve cryptography, the EC PrivateKey is nothing but a bigInteger value. If you know the curve specs and you have this private BigInteger value (which I am ...
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### Randomness and increment of nonce in GCM

2 questions about nonce usage in GCM: Is it safe to use non-random nonce in GCM? Say I use 0x1 for m1, 0x2 for m2, so on. How much should a nonce increased for a file? Say I use 0x1000 as a nonce to ...
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### Why does GPG ciphertext length differ with fixed plaintext length?

Thank you for your reply. Based on your inputs. I was investigated further, find details below Step 1) Input string for encryption is UUID format Input data = c0c6f311-a793-4d65-9374-1c0e45f5382c ...
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### Chosen-Ciphertext Attack on Rabin: Factorize n

At the end of this Wikipedia section, you can see that $$\gcd(|r-s|,n)=q$$ or $$\gcd(|r-s|,n)=p$$ holds. I don't understand why.
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### Profile Complexity LFSR

I try to understand how Complexity of an LSFR calculated. For example I have a bit sequence 110101 and it's profile 1 1 2 2 3 3. Is there any easy way in order to produce the profile?
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### Diffie-Hellman over several non-secured HTTP requests - will it work?

This problem is about setting up cryptographic keys on an IoT device. I don't want my devices to be set up with any cryptographic keys pre-baked, but actual communication have to be based on TLS. Now ...
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### What type of encryption scheme can prevent cheating in this coin flip protocol? [duplicate]

Consider the following protocol for two parties to flip a fair coin: Trusted party $T$ publishes her public key $p_k$ A chooses a random bit $b_A$, encrypts it under $p_k$, and announces the ...
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### Is it bad design to reuse an AES key?

The company I work for needs to develop a simple system where, for each client, we encrypt a token on our server, which is then transmitted to the client. The decryption is performed by the server ...
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### Fast Forward Hash Signatures

As a follow up to the Q/A session: Small Quantum Signatures - Reality check needed I have implemented the discussed idea for a new short-quantum-safe signature system using fast-forwarding hash. It ...
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### How to perfrom modular division while numerator is lesser than the denominator?

I'm implementing point addition and point doubling of elliptic curve cryptography. The formula that I'm using for slope is Point addition: $S = \frac{(P_y-Q_y)}{(P_x-Q_x)}$ where $P$ and $Q$ are the ...
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### Are parts of a pseudorandom string also a pseudorandom string?

I am working on an exercise that encrypts a message using only the first $n$ bits of a pseudorandom generator's output $G(k)$, i.e. $F_k(m) := G(k)_{0...n−1} \oplus m$. $k$ is chosen uniformly at ...
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### Is python a secure programming language for cryptography?

I know Python is a powerful programming language but is it secure for cryptography? I mean is it possible to reverse engineer the program (written in python) and discover the algorithm of cryptography ...
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### authentication protocol questions/security

Disclaimer: I am the only person that uses my software. This is just experimental fun. I previously wrote a server/client that used the secure remote password protocol authentication. I had an idea ...
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### bcrypt collision probabilities assuming same password and work factor?

What is the likelihood of 2 bcrypt hashes colliding if they use the same work-factor and input? Are bcrypt's salts large enough to prevent this from happening?
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### Maximum steganographic embedding rate not detectable by steganalysis?

When using advanced steganographic methods (like F5) what is the approximate maximum embedding rate when advanced Steganalysis (like a machine learning approach) can no longer reliably detect it? I ...
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### MITM Attack on Key Exchange Protocols

I was doing research on this attack and I am wondering, why is Diffie-Hellman always associated with such an attack? ​ Aren't other public key cryptography schemes vulnerable to the same kind of ...
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### Limit the length of AES encoded output to certain value

First let me be clear upfront that am not Crypto expert. I'm having a problem where I will have to use NFC card. Now given the limitation of NFC cards memory sizes, I will need to constraint my system ...
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### How to store keypair generated by RSA in a textfile?

I'm trying to write an encryption decryption program using Openssl-RSA. There are only two operations. User stores the data and retrieves it whenever he needs. To decrypt something, we need the ...
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### AES-GCM Hash sub key parameter in Intel's IPsec library

I am trying to use Intel's optimized AES-128-GCM implementation (from the Intel white paper “Fast Multi-buffer IPsec Implementations on Intel Architecture Processors”, you can find the code here). ...
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### What happens when domain parameter $q$ in DSA is not prime number

Suppose that attacker creates domain parameters $(p,q,g)$ where $q$ is not prime number (but $q$ still divides $p-1$) and that signer generates new key pair using these domain parameters. How exactly ...
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### How secure is Shamir's Secret Sharing for password sharing when attacker has t-1 shares?

I am designing protocol to share a random generated n long password between k parties using Shamir's Secret Sharing. I know that share alone does not reveal much information about the original ...
275 views

### RSA enc/decryption with multiple prime modulus using CRT

Every information I found on internet about RSA-CRT encryption/decryption uses only two primes. I'm interested in my project in doing that using multiple (up to 8) primes. The general idea is to ...
707 views

### Who first published the interest of more than two prime factors in RSA?

Multi-prime RSA is now a well known technique (described here): it uses $k>2$ distinct secret prime factors in the public RSA modulus, with the advantage that, using the CRT, we can gain a speed ...
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### what is the fastest and efficient method to perform modular multiplication?

I'm working on a code that needs to perform modular multiplication of big numbers several times. Since the operation takes place several times, using division to find the remainder is very expensive. ...
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### Differential Cryptanalysis

How do I find the differential characteristics using techniques Shrinking ? How do I extract the key on Differential Cryptanalysis using the technique Shrinking in Blockcipher Algorithm? Shrinking ...
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### Deletion in RSA Accumulator

I am studying RSA Dynamic Accumulator and I have a question: why is simpler to calculate the new accumulator value after a deletion if is known the secret ϕ(n)? Is possible to calculate the deletion ...
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### Deletion complexity in a RSA accumulator

My question is about the existence of a dynamic RSA accumulator with deletion of an element in O(1) time. Do you know some practical implementation?
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### Largest number that could be factored in milli seconds

Considering a home pc/laptop as machine used (Say typical 2.4 GHz, 16GB RAM, 4 core processor) for running any factorization algorithm. What would be the largest number that could be factored into its ...
499 views

### Decoding base64 encoded message with a key

I am pentesting a database that where I found data which was base64 encoded. I tried the usual method of decoding base64, which didn't work. Later, I found in ...
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### Applying Vigenere on small strings with sorting capability

I am new to cryptography and have a question about a use of Vigenere cipher in the case of small strings. I'd like to encrypt keywords that are smaller than 10 characters. If I use Vigenere ...
1k views

### Reasons for Chinese SM2 Digital Signature Algorithm

In the IETF RFC draft named "SM2 Digital Signature Algorithm" a signature algorithm is specified. The RFC does however not mention why this signature algorithm has been defined. Nor does it specify ...
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### What is a Non-Interactive Zero Knowledge Proof?

I understand the concept of a Zero Knowledge Proof thanks to the easy to understand analogy of Alibaba's cave. However, this seems to require interaction between the verifier and the other party. I ...