# All Questions

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### A simple attack on DESX in time $2^{120}$ [duplicate]

Let $\mathcal{M}$ be our message space and $\mathcal{K}$ our key space. Now, let $\mathrm{E} : \mathcal{K} \times \mathcal{M} \to \mathcal{M}$ be a block cipher. Define the block cipher ...
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### Why does NTRUEncrypt lack a formal security proof?

Is there any particular reason why NTRUEncrypt lacks a formal security proof? That is, a demonstration that it achieves certain security notion (e.g. IND-CPA). I know there is a provable-secure ...
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### public key certificate on TLS/SSL

Currently I am working on a public key certificate. I got a question: Why is a public key certificate needed for TLS/SSL? Wouldn't TLS/SSL itself is enough? What is the role of the certificate?
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### rsa public and private keys

I have a question about RSA key generation: this is a simple rsa algorithm: Choose p = 3 and q = 11 Compute n = p * q = 3 * 11 = 33 Compute ?(n) = (p - 1) * (q - 1) = 2 * 10 = 20 Choose e such that 1 ...
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### RSA prove $a^{\varphi(n)/g} \equiv 1 \pmod{n}$

I should prove that $a^{\varphi(n)/g} \equiv 1 \pmod{n}$, so I thought I would prove it with primitive roots but I got stuck. Here is the assignment: Let $p, q$ be primes such that $p \ne q$. ...
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### What is a q-type assumption?

I've seen the term "$q$-type assumption" used in a few papers without a definition. A google search doesn't seem to come up with anything useful either (except the same papers without a definition). ...
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### Client-server communication

The base scenario goes as follows: A program stores some user's confidential data encrypted on their disk. The user is most probably clueless and the disk might get stolen, but these are the classical ...
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### Isn't Groth-Sahai proof system applicable beyond Bilinear groups?

Classical paper by Groth-Sahai on NIZK proof system is titled as "Efficient Non-interactive Proof Systems for Bilinear Groups". To my understanding, only (Pairing Product Equation) PPE are defined ...
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### Frequency analysis of Vigenere Cipher

For Vigenere cipher, I understand Find period first (say we have p = 6) Find highest frequency of letter in each group (from 1 to 6) and assume it is "e" in plaintext What if we have more than ...
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### Monoalphabetic cipher key

I'm new to cryptography and have just completed homework on Monoalphabetic cipher. I managed to decrypt the cipher text successfully but I cannot identify the key from my plaintext to ciphertext ...
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### Infer encoding mechanism from $n$-grams distance?

I have a series of obfuscated strings which across the set of strings have regions of high variance and regions of low variance – implying some encoding mechanism as opposed to an encryption procedure ...
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### A one way Function provably reversible at N applications with the same seed?

I'm looking for a function that is generally one way from some secret $F(s, A) \rightarrow Y$, where $A$ is known, $Y$ is produced (also known), and $s$ is kept secret. But whose repeated application ...
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### Is it safe to salt a MAC?

Say that I define a scheme where the salt is public and is MAC-ed with the message: $k = KDF(password, salt)$ $tag = MAC_k(salt || message)$ Is it safe to salt the MAC this way? Assume that the salt ...
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### Use case of RSA CRT

I discovered the CRT version of RSA cryptosystem which is used in many crypto libraries (openSSL, Java...). The use of the Chinese Remainder Theorem improves the speed of decryption so why it's not ...
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### Efficiently show/prove knowledge of third party secret without leaking information

Say Alice publishes (i.e. all parties in the universe) a key or certificate $x$ and sends a secret $s$ to Bob. Bob then publishes some data $d$ (his identity or a message or smt.) and an ...
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### How secure is a lagged fibonacci sequence for encrypting brief messages?

Say I start with a 26-letter keyword and convert the letters into 26 integers (A=0, B=1...Z=25) nr[0] to nr[25]. Then I create a stream, nr[26] onwards, with a lagged fibonacci sequence where nr[n]= ...
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### What do you call one time pad where pseudo-random numbers are used?

What is the encryption method called when pseudo-random numbers are used instead of true random numbers?
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### Is there any probabilistic version of RSA?

I have now studying the RSA, but I think that is it possible to have some probabilistic version like a random bit string "r" XORed with the key? Is there any probabilistic version of RSA? Thak you ...
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### Large file validation on an embedded system through hash and encryption

As a preface, I have to say that I am a noob in this area. Having said that, I will ask the question. I have a situation where I need to validate and protect against tampering a handful of large ...
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### DES-X , computation load and storage

The passage said that the computational load to attack DES-X can be reduced to approximately $2^{(56+64)}=2^{120}$ steps,and the storage of data sets should be $2^{64}$. But I can't figure why ...
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### What can be learned from the ciphertext of LibSodium's crypto_box_detached()?

LibSodium, (https://github.com/jedisct1/libsodium), has a function crypto_box_detached() which does authenticated encryption using the public key of the recipient ...
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### Does the size of a SSH ECDSA key determine the hash algorithm? [closed]

I am a bit lost in understanding what I read on authentication, signature, etc. Is the size of the ECDSA keys produced by ssh-keygen -t ecdsa -b 256 linked to the ...
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### Is AES's parity key-dependent?

Is the parity of the permutation of the set $\{0,1\}^{128}$, defined by AES encryption for a certain fixed key, dependent on this key? DES, and any pure Feistel cipher, has even parity for any key. ...
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### A simulation for the BB84 quantum key distribution protocol [duplicate]

I am looking for a Python/Java/C/C++ (any programming language, actually) simulation for the BB84 qkd protocol. I am very new to this field and I just want to better understand how it works and maybe ...
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### Protection of Elliptic Curve Implementations against side-channel attacks [closed]

Recent fast elliptic curve implementations, for example a presentation at Eurocrypt 2014 (earlier presentation slides, the paper) talks about protection against only timing attacks. Why only timing ...
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### Does a stream cipher require a KDF when it's key is variable length?

RC4 has a variable length key. Is it still necessary to use a key derivation function, such as PBKDF2, to initialize it? Would using a single character password weaken it's output when compared to a ...
With the knowledge of the trapdoor, we are able to compute the same digest for differents messages. I've read that given two messages $m$, $m'$ and two numbers $r$, $r'$ such that ...