# All Questions

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### How to find which padding method is used in Block cipher(AES) encyption?

I have a cipher text which is encrypted using AES128 Algorithm. I want to know the following things to decrypt the cipher. IV (Initialization Vector) Padding Method Encryption Key How do I find ...
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### Does bad IV generation weaken CBC? [duplicate]

Let's say that I generate an IV like so: dd if=/dev/urandom of=iv.bin bs=16 count=1 Let's also say that /dev/urandom has been ...
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### Can I crack an AES string if I have all these parameters?

This is for a challenge at followthewhiterabbit.trustpilot.com: We have a message for you. It’s 3ncryp73d and we want you to crack it. The decrypted message will contain further instructions. ...
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### Using GMAC for Authentication without encrypting the message

I am pretty new to cryptography and have a sample of GCM mode of operation for AES. PFB the code ...
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### Does having a known plaintext prefix weaken AES256? [duplicate]

I plan on storing data, encrypted with AES256, where the first dozen bytes are known plaintext. ('Hello World!' for example.) Does having this known plaintext prefix weaken AES256? I do not care ...
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### Collecting entropy: can I use timing of reading as a separate source from the reading itself?

I'm implementing an entropy gathering program. For that I collect 2 bits from two gpio-pins connected to a random source. I whiten this stream of bits using the von Neumann decorrelation algorithm. ...
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### How to calculate complexity of ElGamal cryptosystem?

How to calculate time and space complexity of ElGamal encryption and decryption as there are two exponentiation operation during encryption and one during decryption? Here is my code for encryption: ...
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### Decrypting an encrypted text out of order

Does there exist a cipher that can be encrypted twice with two different keys and then decrypted twice using either key first? For example: ...
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### Ciphertext indistinguishability (IND-CPA) for symmetric cryptography

My understanding are these steps are necessary for symmetric cryptography to be IND-CPA: The adversary submits two distinct $M_0$, $M_1$ plain-texts to the challenger. The challenger selects one of ...
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### Attack on DSA modification with bad hash function

Given a (bad) modification of DSA where the hash function is the identity ($H(m)=m$), I am now supposed to design an attack. So $(m, (r,s))$ are given and I should be able to create a legit signature ...
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### A question about elliptic curves and finite fields in bilinear pairings

Based on what mentioned in the paper "Pairings For Cryptographers" http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166218X08000449 the two inputs of a pairing map are two members of two additive ...
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### Protocol: Coin Flipping over phone

Protocol: Coin Flipping over telephone Hypothesis: Alice and Bob have agreed: a one to one function $f$ which is easy to compute $f(x)$ from $x$ and while given any value $f(x)$ it is nearly ...
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### How does AES-CCM work in BitLocker?

I'm studying this white-paper: http://jessekornblum.com/publications/di09.pdf The author says that using AES-CCM with the external key (highlighted in green at page 9, figure 4) and with the nonce at ...
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### Decryption issue with self-coded AES-128

I have written my own AES-128bit implementation in Java, till yesterday I thought it would be alright. (I was working on the encryption) Now I’m trying to decrypt my encrypted cleartext, but this ...
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### Galois field step in XEX mode

I'm reading through the XEX mode spec, and I want to make sure I've understood the $\alpha^j$ step correctly: $X = E_K(I) \oplus \alpha^j$ $C = E_K(M \oplus X) \oplus X$ where: $M$ is the ...
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### Could I use an hashing function for Symmetric encryption? [duplicate]

I know there are way better and more tested encryption methods, but I was wondering if the following code could be use for symmetric encryption? ...
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### mixing two asymmetrical random number generator streams

Knuth describes in "the art of computer programming part 2" an algorithm called "M" for mixing two streams of random numbers. This can be used to mix random number streams giving the assurance that ...
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### What is the motivation behind Key-policy Attribute-based Encryption?

What is Attribute Based Encryption? has a nice explanation what both forms (Ciphertext-policy Attribute-based Encryption and Key-policy Attribute-based Encryption) are. My question is: what is the ...
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### What is the entropy per Diceware word if a random symbol is inserted into a random position in the word?

On the Diceware page is this little gem: For extra security without adding another word, insert one special character or digit chosen at random into your passphrase... Inserting a letter at ...
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### How to construct a next bit predictor from a distinguisher

I read the claim, without proof, that it is possible to construct a next bit predictor for any PRNG given an oracle distinguisher for that PRNG and vice versa. How do I prove that? A distinguisher ...
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### pairing-based schemes

some authors claimed that computational performance of a pairing-fee scheme (based on scalar multiplication over an elliptic curve group) is about 1000% more efficient than a pairing based one I would ...
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### Clarification of the terms “brute force” and “guess”

In the answer to the question “What exactly is a negligible (and non-negligible) function?” There is a part in the explanation that – as far as my knowledge goes – is conflicting: But instead of ...
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### Does CCA security imply authenticated encryption?

Does CCA security imply authenticated encryption?
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### How does recovering the public key from an ECDSA signature work?

It is possible to recover the public key from an ECDSA signature (R,S). Please explain me how this works.
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### Effective security of block cipher – equal the key size, or half the key size?

The Wikipedia “Key Size” article states: The security of an algorithm cannot exceed its key length (since any algorithm can be cracked by brute force), but it can be smaller. … … … Most ...
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### Is jacobian to projective conversion unique?

I am doing a small project in ECC. I have used the following equation for converting Projective to Jacobian coordinates: $$D = AC\\ E = BC^{2}\\ F = C$$ and also the following equation to convert ...
### In RSA, why does $p$ have to be bigger than $q$ where $n=p \times q$?
In openSSL – during RSA key generation – if $q$ is bigger than $p$, they exchange them. Why is that?