# All Questions

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### Am I correctly understanding TLS 1.2 PRF (Pseudorandom Function)?

According to RFC 5246 Section 5 PRF(secret, label, seed) = P_<hash>(secret, label + seed) and ...
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### First preimage resistance check

So I have $H: \{0,1\}^* \rightarrow\{0,1\}^n$ a hash function resistant to the second preimage and to collisions. Let there be a function $H' : \{0,1\}^* \rightarrow \{0,1\}^{n+1}$ with the following ...
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### Does AAD make GCM encryption more secure?

Does AAD make AES GCM encryption more secure? What if we drop AAD in AES-GCM 256? If we drop it, how will it make the encryption less secure?
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### Factorization of RSA modulus using a qubic residue

Suppose that someone uses RSA with $n = pq$, exponent $3$, also $3$ divides $\varphi(n) = (p-1)(q-1)$ and $2$ different roots $y$ and $z$ of the equation: $$x \equiv c \ (mod \ n)$$ are known (for ...
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### How feasible is a preimage attack or speedups to brute force a substring of MD5?

Beyond the birthday problem analysis how feasible is a preimage attack or speed up brute force on a substring of MD5. For instance let's say from the 128 bits I decide to strip 24 bits, the first four ...
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### Meeting people interested in Crypto and Programing [migrated]

I have done some basic Micro controller programming in the past. I am now just starting to learn C++ and plan to move into Java and SQL eventually. I just got done reading one of Simmons books. It was ...
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### Why does OpenPGP encryption produce different ciphertexts from the same plain text?

With the same plain text to be encrypted and the same public key, OpenPGP tends to produce a different ciphertext every time I run the encryption operation. Why is this?
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### Is there a difference between $\mathbb{Z}_2^b$, $\text{GF}(2^b)$ and $\text{GF}(2)^b$?

I have read a lot about Galois Fields (GF). They are also presented in The Design of Rinjdael on page 13. In computer memory, the polynomials in $F[x]|_l$ with $F$ a finite field can be stored ...
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### El Gamal existential forgery using Pointcheval–Stern signature algorithm

I found that there exists an algorithm that claims to make the El Gamal signature generation more secure. The algorithm can be found here as a pdf. I'm mainly interested in the two-parameter forgery ...
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### Can a neural network be trained to simulate a cipher?

I believe there are two problems with this in practice: Choosing the components of the network in such a way as to allow them to simulate the operation of the circuitry of the cipher. These ...
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### Calculating probability of finding collisions in an invertible hash function

Assuming we have an invertible hash function H that takes inputs of size 2n and outputs hashes of size n, I use the following algorithm to find collisions: Choose a random M as input. Compute its ...
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### Number of Sbox in a Cipher

Camellia has 4 SBOX and so does the TwoFish(key dependent 4 Sboxes). Where as AES uses only one. Would it have made AES more secure if AES had 4 or more SBOX too? Does using more Sbox with similar ...
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### Camellia Key Schedule

Camellia is a widely used International standard now. Its Key Schedule seems to be too simple as compared other famous Ciphers like Twofish and CAST-256. What are the per-requisites for the key-...
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### Numeric base conversion in cryptosystems?

I have been wondering if numeric base conversion has ever found an application in cryptography. By base conversion, an example that is probably familiar is Base64 encoding. This is an example of ...
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### Why Rabin fingerprints assumes data is prefixed with a “1” bit?

(I know that a Rabin fingerprint is not a cryptographic hash, sorry in advance if my question is considered out of topic) In the paper Some applications of Rabin's fingerprinting method, it is ...
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### Is normal to take wrong values of the polynomial for given x while applying Horner's rule

I want to evaluate the polynomial $a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+...a_nx^n$ using Horner's evaluation due to i want to speed up my performance of application written in Java. The problem is that sometimes it gives ...
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### How many field operations are needed when you compute kG in elliptic curves with a multiple additions or the double-ans-add-algorithm?

For an assignment, we have to calculate how many field computations are needed to calculate kG in an elliptic curve. They want us to show this for two different ways of calculating kG. The first way: ...
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### Combining secure hashes with insecure hashes?

Assuming I'm a bank which seeks for secure hash functions to use in the process of signing on digital contents. I'd like to explain / prove why using each one of the following hash functions might ...
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### How to generate an El Gamal signature without knowing the private key x?

Let $x$ be the private key. Let $k$ be a random generated number $< p-1$, with $p$ the large prime. Let $g$ be the generator of $p$ the large prime. Let $r$ be the equality $r=g^k$ Let $m_e$ be an ...
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### Message length for aes 256 in ctr, ecb and cbc mode

I want to encrypt a message that have values between 0 and 50. So message have maxim 1 byte. Is possible to encrypt with aes256 in ctr, ecb and cbc mode, messages from 1 byte, not necessary 32 bytes? ...
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### X509 Cert exploit CA check

Assumptions Let's theoretically assume that a browser skips the check that a certificate it receives belongs to the stated CA (that's an exercise). How could I exploit this in order to impersonate ...
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### Insecure third party connection

My organization processes some PII data and shares it with an outbound connection (outflow only) that is a third party. The data transfer transactions occur without human intervention. That outbound ...
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### How to forge signatures in the Schnorr scheme if $r=g^k$ is eliminated?

I need some help to demonstrate how to forge signatures in the Schnorr scheme if I eliminate the random string $r=g^k$ used in the hash – using $H(M)$ instead of $H(M||r)$. How would one be able to ...
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Good evening, I'm about to write my own quadratic sieve implementation in C using GMP library for large numbers. I'm facing an issue while attempting to do the last factorization step for the number: ...
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### Digital signature with collision

Let's assume a digital signature scheme such that there's a probability of 0.2 for two random messages to have the same signature. How can I exploit this sheme? I'm having difficulties in finding an ...
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### How to decrypt SSL data on a considered-to-be-compromised host? [closed]

I have a package which I want to encrypt on my machine and send it to another remote machine. If I use asymmetric encryption, I must have the private key on the remote side. However, I don't trust the ...
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### How to brute force sqlcipher encrypted file with MD5 hash of a 7 bit key?

I have a database file that is encrypted using sqlcipher and MD5 hash. Sqlcipher to my understanding provides 256 bit AES encryption. The key is 7 bits long. How do I brute force it?
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### Is SHA-256 safe and difficult to crack? [duplicate]

I am trying to crack a SHA-256 hash but I am not sure how to approach this in an efficient way. The following is known of the original non-hashed content: 64 characters long only consists 0-9 and a-...
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### Is it possible to extract the decryption key from a locked android device

Is it possible to extract the decryption key from a FDE android device while the screen is locked but the phone is powered on. Is the data only safe when the phone is off ?
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### El Gamal special construction

The algorithm: I have to determine if the following algorithm is secure: $p,q \in \mathbb{P}$ and $N = p \cdot q$ $e \in [2, N - 1]$ such that $\gcd(e, N) = 1$ $r_1, r_2$ are random numbers ...
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### If I encrypt data with two different ECC Private keys, how secure is the result?

I'm wondering whether encrypting data with two different 256-bit ECC keys will result in a more secure encryption (minimum 384 bit equivalent) or will result in data that's effectively encrypted with ...
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### Not-So-Simple Substitution Cipher?

The first go-to weakness when talking about substitution ciphers is frequency analysis. It assumes that there's a simple 1 to 1 character mapping between the plain text and the cipher text. Could a ...
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### Key Management - general question [migrated]

I have a little question regarding the wonderful topic of "Key Management". Let's imagine I would use a service like AWS Key Management. According to their API documentation one can easily decrypt a ...
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### Exponential cipher theory misunderstanding

Say I pick modulus $m=2633$ and key $e=13$ My private key $d$ is $13$ inverse in $\bmod 2632$ which I need to compute $(e,m)$ is my public key that anyone can use to encrypt message for me and then ...
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### How to determine how good our generator of random numbers is [duplicate]

I am using SecureRandom class in java with default constructor and after i run it four times and each times i will take back 4 "supposed highly secured random numbers" . First run : -35 -43 -127 12 ...
I was reading some papers on Ring-LWE. I found almost all of them talk to choose the polynomial modulo $x^n+1$ where $n$ is a power of $2$. I did not understand why this condition is necessary?