# All Questions

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### How does FileVault2 Recovery actually work?

I'm a crypto-enthusiast but no expert at all, that'll explain why i didn't understand. Also please consider english isn't my native language :) I am about to enable FileVault2 FDE on the new macbook ...
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### How did G.H. Hardy's work contribute to today's public-key cryptography?

I know that Hardy's work in number theory was used by Clifford Cocks in 1973 to develop the basis for public-key cryptography. What specifically was this work, and how is it used today in ...
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### Test vectors for TLS PRF function

Does anyone know where I might be able to find test vectors for the PRF function in TLS? (either 1.0 or newer). I'm trying to implement a client and I am getting the BAD Record MAC return after ...
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### Hash-values's length in identification schemes

I am trying to understand the impact of applying a hash function in an identification scheme. It makes reference to the publication "On the length of cryptographic hash-values used in identification ...
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### Is it possible to generate backdoored DH parameters?

I know it has been already asked and answered whether it's possible to generate weak DH parameters. But "recentely" we experienced the Logjam attack, which makes use of the pre-computation ...
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### Testing PRNG quality from ECC public keys?

Having a large set of ECC public keys $P_i = n_iB$ on a fixed curve $E$ over a prime field, is there a way to determine if coefficients $n_i$ were generated using a bad PRNG? In other words, can a ...
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### What are the current known weaknesses/attacks on quantum key distribution?

I am writing a paper on the implementation of QKD in the future. I want to know if there are any viable attacks on the BB84 protocol or QKD in general? I know of the Photon Number Splitting attack or ...
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### What are the constraints on using GCM with a tag size of 96 and 128 bits

Say we want to use AES (or any other secure 128 bit block cipher) with GCM and a tag size of 96 or 128 bits. I'm assuming an AES key size of 128 bits and an IV size of 96 bits (the default). NIST ...
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### search of patterns in key schedules

I am developing a new key schedule, and there is this article (Enhanced Key Expansion for AES-256 by Using Even-Odd Method) where the authors also propose a new algorithm and one of the objectives is ...
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### How can I read the AE figures?

This question is rather simple. I've recently read the paper "Automated Analysis and Synthesis of Authenticated Encryption Schemes". On page 17 of this paper the authors provide three figures of ...
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### How can I design a cryptographically secure, key-dependent s-box?

I would like to design a cryptographically secure, key-dependent s-box, but I am not sure how. Mainly, because I am unsure about the difference in design compared to a random s-box. What is the ...
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### Why does encryption in STS protocol protect against identity attacks?

The basic STS protocol contains encryption of the signature as shown in Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station-to-Station_protocol If we would like to defend against MITM attack, this ...
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150 views

### Blowfish Weak keys

I've read about the weak key issue with Blowfish, but can't seem to find anything that explains the practical effect of weak keys on Blowfish with the full 16 rounds. Is there any actual attack upon ...
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### DSSP reduction to DSSI

In “Towards quantum-resistant cryptosystems from supersingular elliptic curve isogenies" by DeFeo, Jao and Plut, a reduction from the Decisional Supersingular Product (DSSP) problem to Decisional ...
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### Differential addition on Montgomery curve

Point multiplication using Montgomery ladder technique over Montgomery curves only require x coordinate, which in many situation leads to faster implementation as compared to point multiplication over ...
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25 views

### Are there UFDs where the factorization problem is difficult but finding irreducibles is cheap?

Factorization of integers is hard, but finding irreducibles is expensive. Is there a ring where factorization is assumed hard but finding irreducibles is much cheaper than over $\Bbb Z$? It could ...
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90 views

### Does SHA-1 meet the strict avalanche criterion?

Does SHA-1 meet the strict avalanche criterion? I've been looking for a paper to cite on this, but haven't found one. It's something that seems to be easy to check (in "On the Design of S-Boxes", ...
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### How to choose McEliece's parameters?

At the time of this writing, there are 3 sources for parameters for the McEliece public-key cryptosystem out there. The first paper is the original McEliece paper ("A Public-Key Cryptosystem based on ...
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### Determine safety of exercise hash functions

There have been several attacks against hash functions such as $h_{sha1}$ and $h_{md5}$. Professor A suggests a new function $h_{666}$ with an output length of 666 bits. Professor B suggests ...
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78 views

### Worst case one way function

the worst-case one way function is defined as follows $$\forall A \exists x : pr(A(f(x))\in f^{-1}(f(x)))\neq 1$$ can you give any example of such function?
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### Convolution and catastrophic codes

i'm reading the article of Massey and Sain (here) and i cannot unserstand - what is "foreforward inversion"? I mean There is a description of circles in convolutional codes and a little bit ...
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31 views

### Residue requirements of Rabin-Williams primes?

I'm trying to determine the residue requirements of Rabin-Williams. An older copy of P1363's Public Key Cryptography states the following in Section 8.1.3.2 RW key pairs: An RW public key consists ...
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99 views

### Is there a mental poker algorithm that does not rely on commutative encryption?

The algorithm for mental poker that I saw on Wikipedia and everywhere else relies on an encryption algorithm such that $E_k(E_j(P)) = E_j(E_k(P))$, but I can't find a modern and secure algorithm for ...
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114 views

### DPA Attack on HMAC SHA-256

I have read the paper Differential Power Analysis of HMAC SHA-2 in the Hamming Weight Model and I want to understand the DPA Attack. In section 3.2.1 Path 1 (page 4) there is written: The last ...
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58 views

### Cryptographic enforcement schemes using Diffie-Hellman

If one wants to set up a decentralized cryptographic enforcement scheme in which the level of 'confidentiality' of information is marked by its position in a poset, why not use Diffie-Hellman to ...
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104 views

### RSA_DH vs ECDH implementation

In ECDH protocol is possible, naturally, to use the same algorithm for calculate a secret key for both communication parties (Alice and Bob for example). It is possible to design also a same algorithm ...
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54 views

### Proposed unidirectional authentication scheme

I've been looking around for a way to authenticate a client to the server and deliver a message, but in a unidirectional fashion - that is, the client sends messages to the server, but the server ...
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110 views

### SHA3 Keccak, absorbing data to the state

I'm working on implementation of keccak algorithm and have one problem. Tell me please, takeing an example "test": will state (before block permutations, but after padding - pad10*1) look like this: ...
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101 views

### How to map a handful of numbers in a large range to a much smaller range deterministically without collissions

I want to map a set of long integers (say around 100 different values) that can span the entire 64 bit integer range to a much smaller range such as from 0 to 25000 deterministically with almost zero ...
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65 views

### Energy necessary for brute-forcing or decryption

I am trying to understand how the physical limits of computation apply to crytography, and came up with the scenario below as a sort of gedanken. I would be grateful to see how others answer it. ...
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201 views

### BER or DER X9.62 ECDSA signature

The signature format for ECDSA signatures can be encoded using ASN.1 integers according to X9.62 or it can comprise of two integers with the same size as the key size. In case the X9.62 format is ...
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112 views

### Pseudorandom Function Proof

Given a set of pseudorandom functions $F=\{f_s^i\}_i$ for each $s\leftarrow\{0,1\}^n$ generated at random; moreover each $f_s^i$ uses a specific PRG $G^i:\{0,1\}^n\to\{0,1\}^{2n}$, where: ...
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### During electronic voting, how does one hide the choice from Voting device?

Assume the following: I want to cast a vote during an election through an electronic voting system. For our system we make the assumption that the device one uses to cast the vote is potentially ...
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100 views

### Can CKM_RSA_PKCS signature be made secure by lowering its maximum input size?

The CKM_RSA_PKCS Mechanism in PKCS#11 v2.20 section 12.1.6 PKCS #1 v1.5 RSA is a signature scheme commonly used to implement RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 of PKCS#1 signature of data hashed externally to a ...
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146 views

### Security implications of public nonce

I'm planning to use the crypto_box() functions of Nacl (or, alternatively, the crypto_box_easy() functions of libsodium) to ...
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### Is it possible to perform one-way Diffie-Hellman MITM?

Here's something that is bugging me recently: suppose that me and my friend establish an OTR session and - as a result of that - DH key exchange is performed. My friend verifies my key, but I cannot ...
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112 views

### Formal proof of theorem concerning the Random Oracle Model

Reading a book on cryptography by Douglas R. Stinson I've met the following theorem, which is stated without proof (see here). Thereby, $\mathcal{F^{X,Y}}$ denotes the set of all functions from ...
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81 views

### What is the fixed point attribute of DES (when used with weak-keys)

I've heard in some lecture that the weak keys in DES implies the existence of $2^{32}$ fixed points in the algorithm, i.e. that $DES_k(x)=x$ for $2^{32}$ such $x$'s. I couldn't find anything about ...
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211 views

### How does Schnorr signature actually work?

I'm trying to get a grip on how Schnorr signature works. Suppose Alice sends Trent a tuple $(P, M)$, which contains a payload and a message to be signed by him. She then passes the certificate to Bob ...
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177 views

### Choosing an optimal generator for an irreducible polynomial over a binary field?

I am reading the Certicom tutorial “An Example of an Elliptic Curve Group over F2m ” and I have following questions: How do they assume that generator $g = (0010)$ is correct for this polynomial? ...
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131 views

### Are all binary-additive stream ciphers reciprocal?

I'm writing a thesis focused on Maurer's provably-secure stream cipher. Long story short, this cipher works by expanding a short key into a long keystream and then XORring this keystream with the ...
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62 views

### Permutation parity after cycle-walking

Let $E$ be a random even permutation of the set $\{0\dots n-1\}$. We construct a permutation $P$ of the set $\{0\dots m-1\}$, for some $m\le n$, using cycle-walking; that is, computing $P(x)$ is as ...
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104 views

### Does the SSH protocol preserve integrity if an endpoint is cloned?

I am trying to find out if the SSH protocol preserves integrity of the transferred data in the following scenario: The SSH client is running on a virtual machine, at some point in the middle of the ...
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157 views

### As a cryptographer, what are the things I should care about in my implementation of pairing functions?

As a beginner in cryptography, I do not know anything about different pairing types more than their names. So far, I know these names: Ate pairing, tate pairing, eta pairing, and r-ate pairing. I am ...
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### How good is middle cube method with jumbled digits?

I had to make my own prng for a stream cipher for an inter school science project (I am mentioning that a lot). So I thought of cubing the seed instead of squaring it (like in the middle square ...
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122 views

### How to compute the decompositions used in fast FHE bootstrapping?

Leo Ducas and Daniele Micciancio's recent paper "FHE Bootstrapping in less than a second" gave an exciting result that one can compute the `atom operation' of Fully Homomorphic Encryption (i.e. ...

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