# All Questions

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### Derive both MAC and AES keys from same PBKDF2?

When doing password-based encryption, is it OK to create one instance of PBKDF2 from the password, and then use it to create both the AES key and the MAC key? (Or should a new instance of PBKDF2 be ...
59 views

### Authentication and deniability

I have the following problem: Alice wants to send Bob a message such that Bob knows it is from Alice but at the same time he cannot prove that Alice send him this message. The solution I came up ...
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### What is the padding scheme for the original Tiger hash?

The specification doesn't seem to indicate how to pad messages to the requisite 512-bit boundary. What is the padding scheme for the original Tiger hash?
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### One-way function and uninvertible function [closed]

How can I prove the following : "if f is a one-way function, then it is an uninvertible function" ??
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### Method to calculating e in RSA

For simplicity I choose two small primes for p and q. p=3 q=11 n=33 Φ(n)=20 Now we need ...
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### Choice of reduction polynomial in Whirlpool's internal cipher

Whirlpool is an interesting little hash function in the Miyaguchi-Preneel family. In my mind, it's most interesting feature is the design of internal cipher W, where the distinction between key and ...
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### when to do elgamal exponentiation computation

Recetly while studying about cryptographic primtives, I have come across below line in wiki : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElGamal_encryption Encryption under ElGamal requires two exponentiations; ...
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### How can i predict the next number of a long sequence of seemingly random numbers? [closed]

How can I accurately predict the next random number between 1 and 999, given past results. I have no knowledge of the PRNG or algorithm used. How can I predict the next number of a long sequence of ...
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### Hashing entropy generator output with SHA256

I'm using SHA256 to hash the output of an entropy generator to generate random numbers. Is it generally better to treat the output of the entropy generator as single messages and hash each of those ...
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### What is the difference between SHA256WITHRSA and SHA256WITHRSAENCRYPTION digest algorithms?

I installed djigzo on my android phone and I want to use it for smime mail. I don't know the difference between choosing SHA256WITHRSA and ...
100 views

### If G is a secure PRG and G' is a function of G, is G' secure?

For example: for secure PRG G if I have a G' s.t. G'(k) = G(k)||0, is ...
129 views

### Short length asymmetric encryption?

I want to send out short messages to the world which listeners could verify to be send from me. The way this is usually done is to encrypt the message with a private key where the readers decrypt it ...
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### Why is the security of block cipher not a function of key and tweak?

The proofs and security of block ciphers constructed especially of Luby Rackoff Constructions and Feistel Networks is based on the number of queries and round functions. The security measure is always ...
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### How to prove that a ciphertext is encrypting multiplication of two values?

Zero-knowledge proofs with soundness, completness and zero-knowledge enable a prover to convince a verifier that a witness validates successfully a predicate without giving any information about the ...
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### Can I use the cipher text ouput of only one DES rotation as plaintext to check validity?

I have made a python code for one DES rotation. Can I use the resulting cipher text as a plain text for the same rotation with the same key? I think the answer is no, I can't do so. But I need to be ...
103 views

### Which data to share in CTR mode?

Suppose I've got two clients $A$ and $B$. Client $A$ encrypts data in CTR (Counter) mode to get a ciphertext. What information will client $B$ have to receive from $A$ to decrypt the ciphertext? Just ...
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### Would this prevent FNV1a 32 bit hash collision?

I am considering the FNV1a 32 bit hash as part of a simple software security and authentication system. I am aware that FNV1a is NOT ideal but it may suit my needs. I am aware that FNV1a has rather ...
71 views

### Does it make sense to stretch non-keys?

I was thinking about stretching salt. Key-stretching is good against brute force guessing and assumes your system isn't compromised. Salting a one-way makes it so you have to compute * n for each ...
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### How to pronounce RIPEMD 160?

Do I pronounce it as a word or do I make it sound like "R-I-P-E-M-D" like by pronouncing each individual letter.
353 views

### How to obtain KCV from the key

Simple question: we have AES 128 encryption and a key. How can we calculate the key check value (KCV)? One example: key is 48C3B4286FF421A4A328E68AD9E542A4 and KCV should be 77DC84. I am trying it ...
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### What is a Trapdoor in Merkle Signature?

Merkle signature (pag. 40) use than public key (verification key) the root of the Merkle Tree and than private key (to sign) the set of pre-images of the $g(Y_i)$ where $Y_i$ is the verification key ...
107 views

### Recovering the random number r

For a padded message, M, using the El Gamal encryption schema, how can we determine the random number $r$, when we are given $p$, the prime number, $g$ which is the primitive root of $p$, $b$ and $x$ ...
51 views

### Private Information Retrieval with a pre-prepared database

Informally, Private Information Retrieval (PIR) is a protocol between a user $U$ and a Server $S$, that meets the following conditions: $U$ obtains enough information about a database hosted by $S$, ...
94 views

### Merkle Tree High Tree

I'm reading Merkle tree signatures and I like know if the security of the that scheme depends, also, of the high of the tree or only depends that hash function is resistant to collision?
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### What is the difference between a one-shot MPC protocol and a unbounded invocation of multiple MPC protocols?

In this paper on pg. 1236, under the section "Security Against Continual Leakage", the authors say: "We further remark that the weaker security notion previously achieved cannot be extended ...
100 views

### Any real world implementation using message recovery?

During my master thesis I came across RSA-PSS-R which is in my opinion a quite elegant way of saving bandwidth and space using digital signature. But I didn't find any information about any real world ...
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### How can we get CA's public key?

To get a public key of some organization or someone we want to send an encrypted message to, we need to make a request to CA asking that organization's public key. CA then returns X509 certificate. It ...
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### Is there a relation between security of rounds of DES and Luby Rackoff rounds?

DES uses 16 rounds of feistel networks but not considered secure . Where Luby Rackoff constructions which are inspired by DES its proven by Patarin that 7 rounds is secure . Is there a relation ...
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### Why is an IV used in Merkle-Damgard transform?

In Merkle-Damgard transform, a fixed vector IV is chosen at the beginning, and it is hashed together with the first block x1. I wonder why we don't use x1 straightforward, i.e. hash x1 and the next ...
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### How do I sign data that's been encrypted using public key? (RSA)

I've received a public key to encrypt my data for the other end to decrypt using their private key. Now, they want us to sign the data as well to ensure non-repudiation. I thought that I should only ...
147 views

### Verification of identity by certification authority

I have question about how a user's identity is verified by a Certification Authority. As I understand it, the process works as follows: User generates his private key and (with the help of private ...
188 views

### CBC-MAC forging textbook question

I found this question about CBC-MAC forging and want to make sure I understand it: Let a and be be two strings of block length one. Suppose the sender sends (a, CBC-MAC(a)), (b, CBC-MAC(b)), (a||b, ...
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I found this question from a textbook but I don't really understand what it is asking: Suppose $c$ is $1$ block long, $a$ and $b$ are strings that are a multiple of the block length, and ...
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### Do per connection random keys solve the stream cipher key repetition issue?

Edits: added then removed additional cases that on reflection seem like a bad idea. In fact, this whole line of thought seems like a complicated way to get a bigger nonce, which might be better ...
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### Hash of multiset of values, which lets me compute the hash of the union

Cryptographic hash functions normally take as input a bitstring. I am looking for a hash function that takes as input a finite multiset of values. In other words, given $S \subset \{0,1\}^*$, I want ...
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### How are IVs used in association with RSA Encryption?

How are IVs used in association with RSA Encryption? Can someone explain why we use them in this RSA context?
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### Feasibility of using a base 26 LFSR for cryptography by hand

I have been playing with base 26 LFSRs (i.e. using the alphabet) and noticed that the XOR operation for base 26 is just the tabula recta and so can be done very quickly. This made me wonder whether a ...
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### Distinguishing joint probability distributions

Assume that we have a probability distribution $P(X,Y)$ for the joint probability of random variables $X$ and $Y$. Let $P(Y, Z)$ be analogous distribution for $Z$ and $Y$. Based on these we can define ...
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### Are there any Truth Table to Boolean expression converters? [closed]

I am working on Bent functions that are of interest in cryptography. I developed an algorithm that construct such functions. However, I need some tools to calculate boolean expression from the truth ...
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### Why does Merkle's Puzzle requires Eve quadratic complexity of effort to break the system?

The way Applied cryptography 2ED explains the puzzle is as follows (I paraphrase it): Bob generates 2^20 messages of the form x,y where ...
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### Are there attacks that break collision resistance but not preimage resistance?

Are there any examples of attacks on hash functions which: break collision resistance and second preimage resistant, or break collision resistance and preimage resistant? I have looked at ...