# All Questions

2k views

### Zero knowledge proof protocol example?

Alice is color blind. She never knows if her gloves are matched. Her brother Bob always teases her saying her gloves are mismatched and she should go change them. Alice wants to know if ...
190 views

### Is differential calculus related to RSA?

I'm writing a high school math paper on RSA and I'm wondering if it's possible to relate calculus to RSA. Is calculus used for any part of RSA? It can be for proving equations/theorems, for generating ...
184 views

186 views

### XOR with constant key in CBC mode

I have a hypothetical encryption scheme where somebody uses the one-time pad in CBC mode. That is, the block cipher is $E(k, m) :=k⊕m$, and that block cipher is used in CBC mode. Now, I am assuming ...
74 views

### Definition of a Statistical Test

In Professor Boneh's online Cryptography course at Coursera, I am a little puzzled by his definition of a statistical test where he writes: A(x) = iff |#0(x) - #1(x)| <= 10.√n Now, if – as ...
150 views

### How do I express each element in a field F as a power of a primitive element?

I have a field $\mathbb F_{2^4}$, and it is represented as a residue ring of the polynomials over $\mathbb F_2$ modulo the polynomial $\beta^4 + \beta^3 + \beta^2 + \beta + 1$. I want to express ...
124 views

### El Gamal encryption scheme and symmetric encryption scheme

Consider the El Gamal encryption scheme, a symmetric encryption scheme (KG,E,D), and the following hybrid encryption scheme having an encryption algorithm that, on input a public key (G,q,g,h), where ...
1k views

### Why do some block cipher modes of operation only use encryption while others use both encryption and decryption?

In Chapter 6, Question 6.8, of his book “Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practices”, William Stalling asks: Why do some block cipher modes of operation only use encryption while ...
128 views

### CBC MAC and DES combined question?

Suppose that we want to develop a MAC scheme which is as secure as Triple-DES CBC-MAC and at the same time as efficient as Single-DES CBC-MAC. We come up with the following idea: Except the last ...
161 views

### Breaking RSA when some bits of one prime are known

RSA primes are 100 bit. You know first 80 bits of one of the primes. In this system, come up with an efficient way to decrypt the cipher-text. This was the question on my quiz. I'm not sure how ...
115 views

### Symmetric-Key Based authentication [closed]

So i've managed to answer all the other cryptography questions, but I have not come across this exam style question before, and need help.
197 views

### weaknesses in ElGamal with public key of small order

Suppose $p=29$, $\alpha = 2 \in F_p^*$ is a generator of $F_p^*$. Bob picks $d \in \{2,...,27\}$ such that $\beta = \alpha ^d=28 \pmod{29}$. He then sends his $(p,\alpha ,\beta)$ to Alice who herself ...
145 views

### Chosen Ciphertext Attack with a theoretical decryption machine

Say we have an encryption algorithm that encrypts data blocks of 128 bits size, and makes them cipher blocks $C = E(P)$ without chaining. Also assume there is a linearity rule for XOR: For every pair ...
97 views

### Integers in ECC

Let A be a point on curve with integral coordinates. Does k.A necessarily have integer coordinates? If so than why and if not than how to find A and k such that k.A has integral coordinates.
95 views

### Number of different substitution alphabet ciphers possible with given conditions?

If you consider a 26 letter alphabet, and a cipher where 24 of the letters are sent to themselves, and only 2 letters switch, how many different substitution alphabet ciphers are there, and what ...
70 views

### Must the ciphertext be longer than the key for symmetric encryption?

I am planning to encrypt the different fields of a database independently, using a symmetric encryption scheme (probably 3DES). Since some of the fields are as small as an integer, may that be ...
135 views

### Multiplication-homomorphic schemes

I'm looking into multiplication-homomorphic schemes now and basically I see that there are 3 options: RSA, Boneh-Goh-Nissim and ElGamal. RSA was proved to be insecure unless message is randomly ...
382 views

### Can I create a fixed length output from a fixed length input?

I use AES256 for various purposes in my app. However, the purpose I am now trying to achieve is the following: Input is for example AU00000001 and I would like a ...
288 views

### Commutative Encryption with RSA scheme?

I wanted to know how I could manage to do what I'm going to tell you next, with the RSA encryption/decryption scheme. So Alice and Bob each have a public key $(n, e)$ and a private key $(p, q, d)$; ...
131 views

### Modulo properties of two prime numbers

I am supposed to prove that x = y mod (p*q) <=> x = y mod p and x = y mod q with p and q are prime numbers. It somewhat sounds reasonable to me, but unfortunately I don't have any clue how to prove ...
121 views

### Three different numbers with x³=x mod p

p is a prime greater than 2 and $a \in \mathbb{Z}_p$. Why are there exactly three solutions for a³ = a mod p? Obviously 0 and 1 are both in $\mathbb{Z}$ and valid solutions, but that still means, ...
306 views

### How (in)secure is a signature based on DSA with DSS1 (SHA1) in reality?

As I found out the OpenSSL implementation provided by PHP (openssl_sign) only allows DSS1 as the hashing algorithm for DSA signatures (see also my related question). I’d prefer DSA over RSA in my ...
134 views

### Pick faster private exponent

I recently tried to send 1536-bit modulus CSR to COMODO. They refused to sign the certificate. I later found out that it's because NIST mandated 2048-bit modulus on the SSL certificate. I think it's ...
147 views

### Twisted curves in protocol

I've come to understand that twisted curves, as for instance defined in the Brainpool specifications, are $F(p)$-isomorphic to their regular $F(p)$ equivalents. So brainpoolP256r1 is isomorphic to ...
110 views

### Encrypt HDD with keyfile and password and allow backing up the keyfile with secret sharing

I want to: Encrypt my whole HDD with a keyfile and a password (meaning that both are required to decrypt it), Be able to back up pieces of the keyfile in several distant locations using Secret ...
114 views

### Question about dual system encryption

Recently, I have been reading some dual system encryption papers. In these systems, is the adversary able to generate “semi-functional ciphertexts”?
178 views

### What is the “artificial abort” technique?

In the security proof of Brent Waters's paper Efficient Identity-Based Encryption Without Random Oracles, he uses a novel “artificial abort” step on page 6. At this point the simulator is still ...
152 views

### Reductionist proofs of decisional problems to computational

Are they any reductionist proofs where an attacker $\mathcal{I}$ for a well established computationally "hard" problem $\mathsf{Π}$ is employing an attacker $\mathcal{A}$ who we assume is able to ...
49 views

### server aid secure equality test

The scenario is like this: $P_1$ has $m_1$, $P_2$ has $m_2$, they want to compare whether $m_1=m_2$ via the server $S$. After the protocol, only $S$ knows the result, and there is no interaction ...
117 views

### Encryption time in ECC

In RSA, encryption time is usually much less than decryption time due to having a small public exponent. Can this be achieved in Elliptic Curve Crypto (ECC)?
156 views

### Use of Different keys with PCBC

Currently I am having a doubt, while making a "DES PCBC" encryption on an image I observe a bit of the silhouette of the image (Probably because of the XOR between plaintext blocks and ciphertext ones ...