# All Questions

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### Private Information Retrieval with a pre-prepared database

Informally, Private Information Retrieval (PIR) is a protocol between a user $U$ and a Server $S$, that meets the following conditions: $U$ obtains enough information about a database hosted by $S$, ...
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### Merkle Tree High Tree

I'm reading Merkle tree signatures and I like know if the security of the that scheme depends, also, of the high of the tree or only depends that hash function is resistant to collision?
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### What is the difference between a one-shot MPC protocol and a unbounded invocation of multiple MPC protocols?

In this paper on pg. 1236, under the section "Security Against Continual Leakage", the authors say: "We further remark that the weaker security notion previously achieved cannot be extended ...
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### Any real world implementation using message recovery?

During my master thesis I came across RSA-PSS-R which is in my opinion a quite elegant way of saving bandwidth and space using digital signature. But I didn't find any information about any real world ...
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### How can we get CA's public key?

To get a public key of some organization or someone we want to send an encrypted message to, we need to make a request to CA asking that organization's public key. CA then returns X509 certificate. It ...
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### Is there a relation between security of rounds of DES and Luby Rackoff rounds?

DES uses 16 rounds of feistel networks but not considered secure . Where Luby Rackoff constructions which are inspired by DES its proven by Patarin that 7 rounds is secure . Is there a relation ...
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### Why is an IV used in Merkle-Damgard transform?

In Merkle-Damgard transform, a fixed vector IV is chosen at the beginning, and it is hashed together with the first block x1. I wonder why we don't use x1 straightforward, i.e. hash x1 and the next ...
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### How do I sign data that's been encrypted using public key? (RSA)

I've received a public key to encrypt my data for the other end to decrypt using their private key. Now, they want us to sign the data as well to ensure non-repudiation. I thought that I should only ...
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### Verification of identity by certification authority

I have question about how a user's identity is verified by a Certification Authority. As I understand it, the process works as follows: User generates his private key and (with the help of private ...
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### CBC-MAC forging textbook question

I found this question about CBC-MAC forging and want to make sure I understand it: Let a and be be two strings of block length one. Suppose the sender sends (a, CBC-MAC(a)), (b, CBC-MAC(b)), (a||b, ...
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I found this question from a textbook but I don't really understand what it is asking: Suppose $c$ is $1$ block long, $a$ and $b$ are strings that are a multiple of the block length, and ...
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### Do per connection random keys solve the stream cipher key repetition issue?

Edits: added then removed additional cases that on reflection seem like a bad idea. In fact, this whole line of thought seems like a complicated way to get a bigger nonce, which might be better ...
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### How are IVs used in association with RSA Encryption?

How are IVs used in association with RSA Encryption? Can someone explain why we use them in this RSA context?
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### Feasibility of using a base 26 LFSR for cryptography by hand

I have been playing with base 26 LFSRs (i.e. using the alphabet) and noticed that the XOR operation for base 26 is just the tabula recta and so can be done very quickly. This made me wonder whether a ...
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### Distinguishing joint probability distributions

Assume that we have a probability distribution $P(X,Y)$ for the joint probability of random variables $X$ and $Y$. Let $P(Y, Z)$ be analogous distribution for $Z$ and $Y$. Based on these we can define ...
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### Are there any Truth Table to Boolean expression converters? [closed]

I am working on Bent functions that are of interest in cryptography. I developed an algorithm that construct such functions. However, I need some tools to calculate boolean expression from the truth ...
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### Why does Merkle's Puzzle requires Eve quadratic complexity of effort to break the system?

The way Applied cryptography 2ED explains the puzzle is as follows (I paraphrase it): Bob generates 2^20 messages of the form x,y where ...
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### Are there attacks that break collision resistance but not preimage resistance?

Are there any examples of attacks on hash functions which: break collision resistance and second preimage resistant, or break collision resistance and preimage resistant? I have looked at ...
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### Password as it relates to various encryption schemes

Suppose you have 2 drives you want to encrypt using different encryption algorithms, as an example: AES256 and Twofish. I am aware that using the same password for both could potentially weaken ...
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### Key-size of encryption method

Is there a definied keysize to be used with the "AES_256-CBC" method in PHP, and what is the size? Some background: I want to store encrypted text into a PostgreSQL database. The user who posts the ...
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### Repeated Encryption using same/different Encryption systems [duplicate]

I would like to know if there are any security risks/gains from encrypting twice, i.e. $$\text{plaintext}\xrightarrow{encrypt}\text{intermediate text}\xrightarrow{encrypt}\text{ciphertext}.$$ I would ...
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### Hash functions throughput performance [closed]

Without taking into account security, which hash function is the fastest one among the following: MD5, SHA-1, SHA-2 (for various internal size), Keccak, and other… ?
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### Curve parameter for hyperelliptic curve cryptography?

RFC5639 defines some curve parameter for Elliptic curve cryptography. Aren't there any curve parameter database for Hyperelliptic curve cryptography? What I can only find was that written in this ...
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### Verifying Self-signed SSL Client Certificates

I have a service and I want to authenticate my clients using SSL client certificates. Now I want the key exchange process to be as simple as possible, kind of like SSH: You generate a keypair and ...
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### Who's talking to who encryption - does this concept work?

With all the NSA stuff in the news, I've been thinking about how to ensure the "who's talking to who" is just as private as the contents of the messages. I had an idea on the subject, about which I've ...
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### Security Consideration on The Use of Random Number in Digital Signature

key-exchange protocol allows two parties to establish a shared key over public network. Lacking of authentication the original Diffie–Hellman key exchange is insecure under man-in- -the-middle ...
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### encryption and decryption time for RSA-crt in java?

I try compute execution time for encrypt and decrypt data has 1024 bit = 128 byte in RSA-crt algorithm. I need this results. But I believe this result wrong. because big diffrent between execution ...
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### Generating keys with HKDF from Diffie Hellman agreement

In order to generate multiple session keys from a Diffie Hellman key agreement protocol, I'm trying to use the HKDF to generate this session keys. The HKDF algorithm uses an Extraction-Expand ...
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### Proper way of doing encryption and authentication (PBKDF2 + AES)

I'm currently in the planning phase of an authentication and storage-ish service. The client needs a file ("ENCFILE") which he will work with. This file will be encrypted with AES256, and stored on ...
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### Why are the first few bytes of a gpg encryption always the same?

If I run the command 'gpg -a -e < input.txt > output.txt' with completely different inputs (e.g. from /dev/urandom), the first 19 characters are always the same. What is this header? Is it ...
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### Is the “secure-as-worst-case” version of NTRU patented?

Does the improved version of NTRU — which is described in "Making NTRU as Secure as Worst-Case Problems over Ideal Lattices" by Stehlé and Steinfeld — fall under the same patents as the original?
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### What is an active S-Box?

I don't understand what an active s-box is (in reference of design criteria 8 of the DES). Because according to DES, all 8 s-boxes are used every round. But this is not what active means. So my ...
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### Key exchange and man in the middle issue. Secure solution

I am trying to design MiTM protected key exchange algorithm. For instance I am using RSA asymmetric keys. Alice and Bob respectively have each their own pair of keys. And they should be able to ...
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### What's wrong with my security model - or how can it be attacked?

I'm working on a little personal project where security is very important, and I've thought for a while about the best way to do this. Now I am looking for a little outside help on good practices. The ...
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### Where can I double check my elliptic curve results?

I am trying to do some elliptic curve calculations by hand, just to refresh myself on how the system works. I calculated some points and did some operations by hand. I am trying to double check my ...
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### PKCS#11: Can C_GetMechanismInfo() return CKR_OK on a disabled mechanism?

According to PKCS#11 v2.20, "C_GetMechanismInfo obtains information about a particular mechanism possibly supported by a token." Does that mean ...
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### The specification of modern, non-communicating cipher machinery [closed]

I'm looking for references, papers or guidance on a class of system which I have not seen widely discussed. Consider powerful electronic machinery which remains in the custody of communicating ...
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### Discrete log problem with modulus prime

I am a bit confused on the hardness of the discrete logarithm problem. Does it become intractale only when it is mod n, where n is a large composite number (Like RSA key). What about if it is mod a ...
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### Can we give access to controlled functionality in Fully homomorphic encryption schemes?

Homomorphic encryption schemes are PKE schemes with an additional special method Evaluate. Evaluate method takes input any function (as boolean circuit) and encrypted inputs of the function and ...
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### Send a message to an entire group of recipients

I'm attempting to send a message to a group of recipients, through an untrusted intermediary. Each of the recipients will have been invited to the group by someone who already has a trusted public ...
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### is this authenticated key exchange protocol sound? too complicated? obviously flawed?

(significantly reworded this question to fit better into crypto.se). I have static RSA keypairs for both sides and an encrypted transport that needs symmetric keys, and need to exchange session keys. ...
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### Asymmetric format preserving encryption?

I would like to encrypt a string asymmetrically. I would like the ciphertext to be as short as as plaintext. (or shorter) I've read about format preserving encryption functions - are there ...

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