# All Questions

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### Does the One Time Pad rely on confusion or diffusion?

From what I could research, XORing a random key adds confusion. But I do not undertand the rationale for that classification. Shannon's confusion is supposed to obscure the relationship between the ...
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### How to prove that someone encrypted a specific (large) chunk of data

Alice encrypts her data with HER secret key. Then she sends the encrypted data to Bob who should encrypt it with HIS secret key. Caroline should then eventually get this double encrypted data. ...
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### Inversion Free Direct Conversion between Twisted Edwards (X,Y,Z) and Montgomery (X,Z)

The Wikipedia page for Montgomery curves shows how to convert points on a twisted Edwards curve to and from points on an equivalent Montgomery curve. However, their description and the original ...
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### Does the Paillier system remain secure if it is used to encrypt only binary values, i.e. {0, 1}?

Is there any security compromises if the Paillier system was used to encrypt only binary message in {0, 1}? i.e., plaintexts are either 0 or 1.
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### NIST implementation of the Lucas primality test

The NIST standard FIPS 186-4 describes an implementation of the Lucas primality test in section C.3.3. I can follow the algorithm but I am puzzled by step 6.2: ...
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### Security of RSA with $\gcd(pq, (p-1)(q-1))\ne 1$

The Congress of ThéOùÇa enacted that civilian use of any public-key encryption system is authorized on the territory of ThéOùÇa, subject to meeting certain security requirements published by the ...
293 views

### Is appending the hash of the plaintext to the end of an encrypted message sufficient to ensure integrity?

Is appending the hash of the plaintext to the end of an encrypted message sufficient to ensure integrity? My reasoning is that the attacker doesn't know all the plaintext, so by having a hash, the ...
121 views

### How can I know when a file was signed?

I have been thinking about digitally signed documents (Word files and PDF files) and can not get over the fact about - how can I securely know when the file was signed? Scenario: If the date of the ...
719 views

### Feistel cipher vs Substitution-permutation network - number of rounds

So I have been doing for the last couple of days comparison between Feistel cipher and Substitution-permutation network. Now I can say I know a lot about them and their similarities and differences ...
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### How do you create a large PRP from a small one?

How can you efficiently create a pseudorandom permutation with a large domain given a PRP with a small domain? Meaning: given an $n$-bit PRP, how can I create an $n k$-bit PRP? I'm only interested in ...
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### What's causing the poor randomness in this program: the LCG, or the program logic itself?

(Crypto Gods, I should begin by stressing that I haven't lost my mind: I'm not doing this in real life, I'm just trying to understand the theory behind what's happening. With your help, hopefully I ...
295 views

### Is it possible to generate a secure permutation F over 32-bit integers even if F(0) … F(n) is public knowledge?

I'm currently interested in the problem of generating random-looking URLs from sequential database IDs, like how they do it in link shorteners. One way to do this is to encrypt the sequential database ...
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### What are options to compute DES retail MAC (aka ISO 9797-1 mode 3) under PKCS#11?

The DES retail MAC, also known as ISO 9797-1 mode 3 with DES, computes the MAC of a block of data using a 16-byte (112 bit) key. It can be seen as CBC-MAC using simple DES with the first half of the ...
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### ElGamal signature scheme: Why is r included in s

In the ElGamal signature scheme we calculate a signature for a (hashed) message $m$ as $r \equiv_p g^k$, $s \equiv_{p-1} (m - xr) k^{-1}$ and verify it by checking $g^m \equiv_p y^r r^s$. Here ...
91 views

### Entropy Loss of KDFs

Am I losing any entropy when using KDFs, such as the ones in NIST Special Publication 800-108? For example, can I derive 128-bit session keys from a (uniformly random) 128-bit master key?
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### Multi-key decryption

Let's assume I want to send a secret message to $N$ recipients in an asymmetric way. My message could be encrypted with $N$ different public keys $p_i$ one after another and send to each user ...
464 views

### RSA Blind Signature Attack

In Information Security Class I learned a non-adaptive chosen ciphertext attack using "blinding" but I just can't follow the proof and therefore can't reconstruct it. From what I've found out, it ...
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### ECDSA with SHA256 and sepc192r1 curve: Impossible, or how to calculate $e$?

I need to use ECDSA as the signing algorithm and SHA256 for hashing the message. I'm running into troubles verifying the signature calculated on two different platform (one is BouncyCastle, another ...
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### Decrypting an encrypted text out of order

Does there exist a cipher that can be encrypted twice with two different keys and then decrypted twice using either key first? For example: ...
116 views

### Galois field step in XEX mode

I'm reading through the XEX mode spec, and I want to make sure I've understood the $\alpha^j$ step correctly: $X = E_K(I) \oplus \alpha^j$ $C = E_K(M \oplus X) \oplus X$ where: $M$ is the ...
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### Is there a practical upper limit for password rehashing?

When using PBKDF2, is there a practical upper limit to the iteration count above which we lose security? Note: If you answer “No”, that's fine. But if you answer: “There can't be an upper limit“, ...
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### Are there any elliptic curve asymmetric encryption algorithms?

RSA offers the functionality of encrypting (short messages, or symmetric keys) with a public key, and decrypting with a private key. However, RSA key generation is extremely expensive, especially for ...