# All Questions

197 views

### Usage of Zero-knowledge proofs for NP-complete languages

It is well known that if OWFs/PRGs exist, then there is a zero knowledge proof for any NP-complete language, say G3C (graph coloring in 3 colors). The zero-knowledge notion maintains that any ...
366 views

### Is calculating HMAC from hashed input a good idea?

Original HMAC algorithm is as follows: H(K XOR opad || H(K XOR ipad || text)) What if text would replaced with H(text)? ...
56 views

### Prove that H(s) = G(!s) is a CPRNG if G(s) is one

Given a cryptographic pseudo-random number generator $G$, prove that $H$ with $H(s) = G(!s)$ is also a cryptographic pseudo-random number generator. Here $s$ is a binary string; $!s$ is its complement....
184 views

### Can it ever be impossible to invert a PRNG?

I've read about the possibility of inverting the Mersenne Twister after 624 numbers of output. 624 matches the state size of my implementation of the Twister. Coincidence? If the generator only ...
115 views

### Why not to use curve over field of $p^m$ with $p > 2$ for ECDSA?

I'm reading the ECDSA paper and they say you can only use ECDSA with odd-power fields $p$ or with binary fields $2^m$. Why not other power prime fields?
2k views

### Is it possible to get an RSA encryption key by comparing the unencrypted and encrypted file?

Exactly what the title says. If I have a RSA encrypted file, and the exact same file but decrypted, can I tell the key that was used from that information?
217 views

### Is there a formal definition of what a distinguisher is?

I've often been reading about (polynomially bounded) distinguishers in books or papers. Although by name and intuition it is somewhat clear what a distinguisher is and does, but i am asking myself ...
471 views

### Triple-DES DUKPT CBC PIN variant vs Data variant

Does any know the difference between triple des dukpt decryption algorithm with PIN variant and Data variant? I have done Triple DES DUKPT PIN variant, which generate session key from KSN and BDK. ...
33 views

### how many pairs of plaintext-ciphertext are needed before we break AES? [duplicate]

Imagine a set of words ($plaintext$) each are encrypted using AES-ECB mode and due to some leakage in the system an attacker could gain access to some pairs of $plaintext$ and $ciphertext$. But once ...
70 views

### Strong LRSW assumption for type 3 pairing groups

Why does the "strong LRSW" assumption by Ateniese et al. [Untraceable RFID Tags via Insubvertible Encryption, CCS'05] hold ONLY for type 3 pairings and NOT for symmetric pairings? Whereas, the LRSW ...
113 views

### Would the encryption of bigrams and trigrams weaken the code?

Supposing a rotor machine of the 1940s or 50s, with 36 characters instead of 26. Would the encryption of the ten additional characters as the most frequent bigrams or trigrams weaken the code? What ...
232 views

### DES hardware implementation of substitution lookup table [ ReWorked ]

I'm a crypto enthusiastic and student of cryptography. I'm developing a project with other students titled "A hardware implementation of a DES cryptography for educational purposes", our idea was to ...
251 views

### public key cryptography and authentication for cross-platform network application

I'm developing network based application for control and telemetry on Linux based embedded system. I'm using ZMQ network library and Google Protocol Buffers serialization library for communication ...
400 views

### Why must we generate the signature before any compression being done at PGP?

I have done some research on PGP and I found out there are of two reasons why we must generate the signature before doing any compression. Yet, I am not sure I really understand them both. One ...
55 views

### Details related to the ZIP algorithm used in PGP message encryption? [closed]

I am very new to PGP. PGP encryption works with hash function, asymmetric encryption, symmetric encryption and a zip algorithm (LZ77). What I know is that the zip algorithm is used to reduce the ...
942 views

### How to verify the integrity of RSA encrypted messages?

I need to encrypt messages using PublicKeyCrypto and send it to the server, where the message should be decrypted. I'm aware of the Padding Oracle Attack and want to apply a server side integrity ...
92 views

### Mathematically / statistically “safe” way to differentiate between crypto and random blob?

I assume the United Kingdom will impose (as opposed to just talk about it) restrictions on crypto software that may be used within it's borders. Me, quite the border clown (yes, I always bring a up ...
175 views

### Is RSA vulnerable to the padding oracle attack?

I know that AES in combination with CBC mode is vulnerable against the Padding Oracle Attack. RSA also uses some kind of padding, hence can this attack be apply to RSA encrypted messages too?
115 views

### Perfect secrecy with n-time key

How can you encrypt $n$ messages with the same key, and have the same theoretical security you'd have encrypting a single message with a one time pad? For example, how can you encrypt two messages ...
82 views

### Anonymous offline digital cash scheme

Can a digital cash scheme exist that is anonymous and offline using blind signature and anonymous signature?
469 views

### How hard is the Solitaire cipher to crack?

Assuming your deck is completely random and that it is not retrivable, how hard would it be for a casual person to decrypt a message encrypted with the Solitaire cipher?
112 views

### Hash and salt or salt and hash?

People say "hash and salt", but aren't you supposed to salt password the first, and then hash it? So that means its called "salt and hash" right?
64 views

### Given just the hash of a file, can I verify that the file contains a specific data block?

Imagine I only have the hash of a file which we can call hash(file). Then a user sends me a data block (or section) of the same file, which we can call ...
423 views

### What does “a 15360-bit RSA key is the equivalent to a 256-bit symmetric key” mean?

NIST key management guidelines suggest that 15360-bit RSA keys are equivalent in strength to 256-bit symmetric keys. If a 15360-bit RSA key is the equivalent to a 256-bit symmetric key, does that mean ...
73 views

### How badly does disclosing an M-bit prefix of an N-bit private key compromise security?

I apologize profusely for knowing nothing about cryptography, please go easy on me! I'm working on a project where I have a 2048-bit RSA private key and a public certificate generated from the ...
131 views

### Example describing Baek and Zheng’s threshold identity-based decryption scheme

I am trying to work through an example of Baek and Zheng’s “threshold identity-based decryption scheme” and I tried a lot to solve this, but somewhere I’m doing something wrong. I hope someone can ...
119 views

### Same 64-bit preimage resistance security for SipHash and SHA-512/64?

If I have to chose a 64 bit preimage resistant hash function; will there be any difference in security between SipHash and SHA-512/64 (SHA-512 truncated to 64 bits)? How long will it take an ...
98 views

### What kind of operations are involved in NTRU?

I've read that lattice based algorithms involve matrix-vector products. Is this the case of the NTRU algorithm? When I've read the details of the NTRU algorithm, I've seen products of polynoms. Where ...
218 views

### How does the HOTP dynamic truncation function generalize to longer hashes?

HOTP, the HMAC-based One-Time Password algorithm from RFC 4226, uses a "dynamic truncation" function to turn the 20 byte HMAC-SHA-1 value into a 31 bit string. The dynamic truncation (from Section 5.3)...
48 views

### Validate per round rather than cycle-walking in FPE

I was thinking about FPE specifically for numbers, CC, phone, SS #, etc. and I thought of some small "optimization" that could be implemented. Can I validate the string length after each round in the ...
103 views

### Are there simpler FHE methods than Craig Gentry's original paper?

Craig Gentry's 2010 paper on FHE is very cool, and I'm planning on implementing a basic proof of concept FHE. I was wondering though, are there any simpler methods that have been discovered since ...
595 views

### Is (AES-)GCM parallelizable?

I recentely faced the issue of random access decryption while AES-GCM was being used. I said this person that the underlying CTR should allow parallelization but I have no idea how authentication ...
209 views

### How to hash similar strings to the same hash value?

Suppose that $s_1$ and $s_2$ are two stings that have a small hamming distance. Is there a preimage resistant "hash" function ($H$) that can map them to the same value i.e., $H(s_1) = H(s_2)$?
178 views

### Chopping off SHA256 entropy?

I have a NoSQL key-value database. I want to insert couple million of records to it. For the key generation, I'm, using a prefix (something like data-one-) and ...
246 views

### Is SHA-1 safe for signing ECDHE parameters?

Is using the SHA-1 algorithm insecure for hashing the ephemeral ECDH public key in the signed_params structure? There are some worrying articles about using SHA-1: ...
152 views

### Secure method of encrypting data within a database

I'm designing a program which makes queries to a database stored locally which could potentially contain a lot of sensitive information. As such the information must be kept secure as possible from ...
86 views

### Difference between RSA-617 and RSA-2048

according to wikipedia: RSA-617 has 617 decimal digits (2,048 bits). RSA-2048 has 617 decimal digits (2,048 bits). What is the main difference between them?
149 views

### Why is it good to split a CTR-mode counter into nonce and counter?

When discussing the CTR mode of block ciphers, Wikipedia says the following: Simply adding or XORing the nonce and counter into a single value would completely break the security under a chosen-...
136 views

### Secret Sharing Encryption

Suppose Alice shares a secret block cipher key, $K_{AB}$ with Bob, and a different secret block cipher key, $K_{AC}$ with Charlie. Describe a method for Alice to encrypt an m block message such that ...
362 views

### Standard format to encode AES cipher and random IV

As far as I understood, a secret key (same length as CBC block size) and an initialization vector (IV) are needed to decrypt a AES-256-CBC encrypted string. As the IV should better be random, it has ...
38 views

### Is hashing data with dynamic keys still worth effort?

some years ago it took long time to "decrypt" hashes because they took slow cpu to brute force. Nowadays they use graphic cards for stuff like this and can do this most time in less than 20 Minutes ...
235 views

### How does the simulator of the special-honest verifier zero-knowledge property works?

I’m a bit confused about what the simulator of the special-honest verifier zero-knowledge property of a $\Sigma$-protocol is supposed/allowed to do and how to prove that it is indeed efficient (i.e. ...
67 views

### Can one construct OTPs without using XOR?

The typical version of the one-time-pad (OTP) uses XOR to combine a key pad and a message. ($c=m\oplus k$) Now let's assume some other scenarios which have the practical application of blinding. Do ...
72 views

### NTRU test vectors

Where can I find NTRU test vectors? In some research work in 2001, it is stated that test vectors were not publicly available at the time. Then in this ESSS1v2 standard under IEEE1363 here , the ...
77 views

### What are the current known weaknesses/attacks on quantum key distribution?

I am writing a paper on the implementation of QKD in the future. I want to know if there are any viable attacks on the BB84 protocol or QKD in general? I know of the Photon Number Splitting attack or ...
134 views

### Security impact of signing small data using RSA

I have an application which consists of a client and a server. Both have a pair of public and private key (RSA). For communication, both sign their messages and send them to the other part. So a ...
51 views

I've found a way to complete a task which I'd solve with passwords or by sending keys over the wire (otherwise) by using RSA's homomorphic property. I'm restricted to RSA (any padding; for hardware ...
166 views

### How to generate a large random number from smaller ones?

I'm using a function randInt that takes as input two integers as upper and lower bounds (inclusive) and outputs a pseudorandom number in that interval. ...
In trying to understand this specific part of the RSA algorithm, I found this online: $$e \cdot d = 1 \pmod{(p-1)\cdot(q-1)}$$ Therefore: e \cdot d \cdot d^{-1}= d^{-1} \cdot 1 \pmod{(p-1)\...