# All Questions

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### Alice and Bob's crush

Suppose Alice and Bob both want to determine whether the other has a crush on him/her, but they only wish to share the information if the crush is mutual. Is there a cryptographic protocol that makes ...
111 views

### Reducing the keyspace for a brute force attack on a chained 64-bit xor

I have a block of data which I know is encrypted using a chained 64-bit xor (sorry if that makes no sense, I'm not familiar with crypto lingo). I know a little bit about what the plaintext should look ...
111 views

### Discrete logarithm over prime modulo: small input, large exponent, larger prime

I am considering using modular exponentiation as a one-way hash function. More specifically, here is the scenario. 1) Input ($m$): the input messages are small (16-bit) 2) Exponent ($e$): the ...
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### What crypto scheme should I use on embedded m2m system with assymetric uplink/downlink bandwidth?

I am working on implementing info security into custom m2m radiolink communication system, which has some restrictions: MCU based endpoint can transmit to gateway with packets max 16 bytes long, and ...
241 views

### Why are there no OTP ciphers?

We all know the OTP is unbreakable and we all love the OTP (judging by the amount of question on this site). The strength of the OTP is not that it is unable to find a word without the key but you ...
62 views

### Decrypting DES - limited information

I have a list of DES encrypted strings/data, they come in two lengths, 32 chars hex (16 bytes) or - I believe - 64 chars. I know the key, which is 8 ascii chars (I might add that I am the rightful ...
66 views

### FIPS 113 Computer Data Authentication

on the NIST website for Message authentication There is a mention of 2 approved algorithms, i am curious about the first one. the link to FIPS 113, Computer Data Authentication appears to be dead ...
222 views

### Are well designed crypographic codes unbreakable? (NOT ciphers)

Codes are not to be confused with ciphers. It is known that all known ciphers are theoretically breakable except the one-time pad and this isn't what the question is about. Some cryptographic codes ...
500 views

### What are words in a HASH algorithms

From wikipedia: "They differ in the word size; SHA-256 uses 32-bit words where SHA-512 uses 64-bit words." In this context what do they mean with words? is it the same as a 32 bit (or 64 bit) block ...
162 views

### Can I use the output from a DRBG directly as K for AES, or do I need to use a key generator algorithm?

NIST has 3 validated "Recommendation for Random Number Generation Using Deterministic Random Bit Generators" (DRBG's) that are based on NIST SP 800-90A: Hash_DRBG (based on hash functions) ...
355 views

### Why aren't zero-knowledge proofs used for authentication in practice?

I read on Wikipedia that zero-knowledge proofs are not used for authentication in practice. Instead (I think) the server is entrusted with seeing a password in plaintext form, which it should then add ...
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I read about zero knowledge proofs. Let's say you want to create an account at a website. You choose a password $p$ and from $p$ you derive deterministically a public & private key pair $(e,d)$ ...
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### Are more S boxes more secure in a SP-Network?

The classic DES uses 8 different fixed S boxes. If computer memory was not an issue, would say 800 different S boxes be more secure? I'm thinking of a SP-network that would only run on a server like ...
126 views

### Is the Salsa20/ChaCha20 keystream generation one-way?

Is it possible to recompute the Salsa20 or ChaCha20 key in a realistic time if the keystream and the nonce are given to an attacker? Or is the keystream generation one-way, like a cryptographic has ...
202 views

### Is this variant of SRP for peer-to-peer authentication practical?

I'm interested in using a modified form of SRP as a peer-to-peer authentication method. Since neither side is acting as a host, one of the primary design goals for SRP (that the client doesn't need ...
73 views

### Rabin-Williams, blinding and size of Integer r?

I was reading the paper Breaking the Rabin-Williams digital signature system implementation in the Crypto++ library. The library uses blinding, but it was not enough to stop key recovery. But my ...
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### Adding a Random component to CBC MAC in order to enlarge the tag space

CBC MAC that is using AES as the underlying block cipher, has tag space of 2^128. If we add a random single block, concatenating it with the tag, and encrypt it again in AES CBC mode, with additional ...
116 views

### Paillier cryptosystem preserve ordering of sums for two integer sequences

According to Paillier cryptosystem the product of two ciphertexts will decrypt to the sum of their corresponding plaintexts. I have two separate integer sequences X and Y that have same number of ...
150 views

### Permuted vectors

Consider we have two vectors $v_1, v_2$ of size $n$, and each vector contains $n$ elements. We permute the vectors as: $\pi (k_1,v_1), \pi (k_2,v_2)$. Where $\pi (k_i,v)$ denotes a permutation of a ...
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### Can cycle finding techniques reduce the memory usage of the MitM attack against 2DES and 3DES?

A 2DES like cipher $c=E^{(2)}_{K_2}(E^{(1)}_{K_1}(p))$ where both halves have an $n$ bit key is vulnerable to a meet-in-the-middle attack. Meet-in-the-middle using a big table Create a table ...
432 views

### Password length versus hash length?

If a system hashes passwords with a 256-bit long hash, are passwords (which are not necessarily alphanumeric, can be any value per byte (0-255)) longer than 32 bytes useless under the context in which ...
185 views

secp256k1 (the signature scheme used by Bitcoin) has the interesting property that you can add two public keys to get a combined key that requires both private keys to produce signatures for. Is ...
263 views

### Where is the authentication tag stored in file encrypted using AES-GCM?

So I am using cryptopp to encrypt a file in a project and I am using AES-GCM. I have a 256bit key and a 128bit ivec and a 128bit tag that I use to encrypt files. However, I want to know where the ...
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### Key iteration count while using random keyfile larger than master key

If I were to have a 4096-bit file of random data (/dev/random) used as a keyfile for LUKS, would there be any benefit to having a key iteration count higher than 1? My reasoning is that the attacker ...
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### If you hashed a hash an infinite number of times would you end up with a unique hash?

If you took a hashing algorithm for example MD5 and repeatedly passed the output hash back into the algorithm an arbitrarily large number of times would you eventually end up with one unique hash? My ...
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### Use of Lamport's Signature as a primitive

Is Lamport's One Time Signature used as a primitive to construct any other cryptographic protocols?
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### How does ROTL work?

what does ROTL stand for? I know it does left shifting but what about the acronym? When we do a left shift, do we take the leftmost bit and add it at the end, by making the second bit the first, and ...
130 views

### Image sharing without data overhead

The idea is to share $n$ images among $n$ persons so that all images can be reconstructed by someone in possession of all shares. However, there must not be any data overhead (which means the shares ...
191 views

### SHACAL-2 vs. AES as underlying block cipher for Secure Hash (aka SHA-256)

The hashing scheme SHA-256 (for instance) is based on Merkle-Damgard construction with the underlying compression function based on the block cipher SHACAL-2 configured in Davies Meyer mode. SHACAL-2 ...
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### Figure 2 in the Verifiable Computation - Pinocchio

I am reading the Pinocchio paper (verifiable computation): http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/180286/pinocchio.pdf The paper is rather hard for me. For the Figure 2, I guess $v_1(x)$ should be ...
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### Can a cryptographic hash be used as a cryptographic RNG?

Say I roll a six sided die 200 times (6^200 = ~2^517) and string all the results together into a long string of numbers and hash then result with SHA-512. Can I use that result for cryptographic ...
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### Non adjacent form of an integer is unique

I have tried to look up the proof for NAF (Non-adjacent form) being unique for every integer, but as far as I have seen, textbooks only mention it as a property of NAF, but no proof is given. Also I ...
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### Is this transposition cipher information-theoretically secure for 1 message?

Given: $m = \{0,1\}^{n}$; a plaintext message of length $n$ encoded in binary $k = randomshuffle([0, 1, ..., 2n-1])$; A secret key consisting out of unique numbers between 0 and $2n-1$ in a true ...

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