# All Questions

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### The relationship between the key length and encrypt time in Xor algorithm?

I did work on the encryption algorithm and the decryption using the XOR method noticed that when more the key length, the less time spent on encryption and decryption. I have two questions in ...
134 views

### How do I express each element in a field F as a power of a primitive element?

I have a field $\mathbb F_{2^4}$, and it is represented as a residue ring of the polynomials over $\mathbb F_2$ modulo the polynomial $\beta^4 + \beta^3 + \beta^2 + \beta + 1$. I want to express ...
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### Prefixing data before encryption for passphrase confirmation?

I'm encrypting data with AES, using CryptoJS. CryptoJS returns an empty string in case the data couldn't be encrypted with the given passphrase. I'm not sure if this is intended, or happens in all ...
68 views

### What is the difference between PRF and a Random Oracle?

What is the difference between Pseudo Random Functions and Random Oracles? Is the difference only about the domain of PRFs and Random Oracles, former having a fixed domain and latter can act on any ...
102 views

### Why concatenate the key a second time in HMAC? [duplicate]

On Wikipedia it is said that HMAC is basically (without taking into account padding): $H(key\ \Vert\ H(key\ \Vert\ message))$ where $\Vert$ denotes concatenation. I understand the need to hash ...
63 views

### SHA-256 Wrong registers

I have a problem with my sha256 java implementation. The registers (a…h) are correct until j=24; ...
301 views

### Is Dropbox's hashing method cryptographically secure?

Dropbox uses CRC32 and md5 to create a checksum of each 4 mb "block" as part of the their compression/file system. I suspect that Dropbox uses an additional cryptographic hash to check if there's a ...
85 views

### Prove that two MACs with incremendal PRF application are not secure

How do I prove the following MACs are insecure?                                                        1                                                                                   2
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### What makes LSBit steganography detectable? And what would help in concealing it?

In a project of mine I took a 24-bit bitmap image and I performed LSBit steganography over it (saved a black and white image inside each of the planes R, G, B) using pixel shuffling and xor ...
112 views

### Can a properly implemented ed25519 private key with public underlying data be cracked?

If the underlying data is public albeit hashed with SHA-512, does that make a difference on the strength of ed25519? Please quantify the extent. Can ed25519 be cracked after a certain amount of ...
137 views

### Help in understanding exactly how lattices used as one way functions for hashing

I am doing a cryptography course via long distance and we have been given an assignment which is based on lattice-based cryptography. I have spent the majority of the past week sifting through papers ...
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### Proof for exponentiation in modular arithemtic

If $e$ is a natural number, then this is true: $$m^e \bmod\ n = (m\bmod\ n)^e\bmod\ n$$ This is often used when encrypting, especially with RSA, since one can avoid directly calculating $m^e$, ...
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### Is knowing the distribution of input domain only way to do cipher text only attacks?

Imagine there is a $n$ bit block cipher. The attacker has harvested some how all possible $2^n$ cipher texts for some given key. Without the knowledge of the distribution of input domain as in ...
265 views

### Z*p Generator (Cyclic Group) in java

I am trying to implement ElGamal in java without using the in-built libraries. The problem occurs when I am trying to find the generators of the number(in this case 11). Everything works perfectly ...
150 views

### Why do we use 1024 / 160 bit primes in DSA?

I am looking at DSA's parameter generation and don't understand why for $p$ a 1024 bit prime is needed if $q$ is chosen as a $160$ bit prime. I thought that the security of DSA relates on the discrete ...
301 views

### Messages exchanged between Bob Alice are encrypted safe?

Can you help me understand the following reasoning? If Alice sends Bob a message and that message is encrypted with two keys simultaneously: a symmetric key (Ks) and Bob's public key. The symmetric ...
129 views

### Is this the mathematical equation for the Vigenere Cipher

Is this the mathematical equation for the Vigenere Cipher or something else and if something else what is it? Where t is the letter of plain text and n is the position of t within the text and c is ...
153 views

### Diffie-Hellman: Does the size of the prime modulus depend on the potential size of the secret?

I'm writing my own cryptosystem that uses One Time Pad and Diffie-Hellman to generate keys for the OTP. I am using Rails on the server side and Javascript for the client side. Please don't tell me ...
336 views

### Why does plain RSA not work with big messages ($m>n$)?

From what I can remember, RSA is something like this: Generate 2 distinct prime numbers $p$ and $q$ that have similar bit length. Compute $n=pq$ and $\phi(n)=(p-1)(q-1)$ Compute $e$ such that ...
101 views

### Encoding multiple fields with same AES key and vector?

I'd like some advice on cryptography best practices. I need to store on my web app the users' credentials (login & password) for 3rd-party sites. I'm using AES-256 with random key and ...
142 views

### Why routers don't just use Diffie-Hellman protocol?

Routers could just use Diffie-Hellman protocol with any computer who tries to connect to that router. Then it would be impossible to eavesdrop for anyone. Only router and computer would know the ...
104 views

### Public Key encryption /Assymetric encryption

For a start, I 've got a question regarding the Public key encryption. I know the public key encryption overcomes the Key distribution issue with the symmetric encryption and that in the case of ...
453 views

### Estimating random number entropy for input into 256 bit hash

Assuming a random number generation process outputs lots of numbers between 0-9. First I gathered up a bunch of the numbers, converted them to binary and created a bitmap. Not so random as you can ...
161 views

### Testing if a password for an eCryptfs mount is valid [closed]

I'm using "eCryptfs" on several directories on my dedicated Debian server. I mount them manually via mount -t ecryptfs [dir] [mountpoint] But after some weeks ...
101 views

### Is there any restriction in using lossless compression algorithms for huge key sizes?

I'm studying McEliece and Multivariate Public Key cryptographic systems. The main problem here is the huge key size. Is there any restriction in using lossless compression algorithms to fix this ...
303 views

### What does an RSA signature look like?

I am using OpenSSL libs to generate signatures. Internally, I learn that a signature is a hash of the message with some padding added to it. I am trying to understand the structure of a signature. If ...
127 views

### what is an injective trapdoor function?

The answer to this question at Crypto.SE is clear about what a trapdoor function is, but what makes a trapdoor function "injective"?
251 views

### What are requirements for this grille?

I'm trying to program a Cardan grille, but I can't find requirements for grille. In my case, grille is square matrix A with $N$ x $N$ size, and elements are $0$ or $1$ (where $1$ means that it is ...
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### Question about Fermat's little theorem

Why is $g^e \mod p = g^{e \mod (p-1)} \mod p$ if p is prime. I don't get it. It follows from Fermat's little theorem.
1k views

### Is javascript RSA signing safe?

I'm currently working on a secure open source messaging system (https://github.com/DSMNET/DSMNET). Currently I'm using the cryptico.js (https://github.com/wwwtyro/cryptico) library to encrypt all the ...
275 views

### How terribly flawed is this design for key storage?

Dave here, with a plan for storing secrets. Threat model: Database and keyfile may (will?) be stored on un-trusted servers. Database contains many valuable secrets (passwords), encrypted by key ...
342 views

### Using IV buffer after altered inside a Rijndael CBC Encryption/Decryption process as IV for next message?

When sending a block to be decrypted or encrypted, with RijndaelCBC, we input the data to decrypt/encrypt and an IV for syncing and to prevent identical outputs for identical inputs. This question is ...
470 views

### Lagrange Interpolation for finite field GF(2^8), for Secret Reconstruction

I'm using Lagrange's Interpolation technique to reconstruct the secret from a set of point pairs (x,y). Since I only need the secret, not the whole polynomial, I have simplified the reconstruction ...
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### Three-way key exchange with elliptic curves without pairing

Assume that there are three users, each with their own secret key $d_i$ and the corresponding public key $Q_i = d_i \cdot P$, such that $Q_i$ is a point on an elliptic curve and $P$ is a base point on ...
225 views

### Is the salt value a secret or can it be stored in cleartext just like the IV? [duplicate]

From Wikipedia I read that the IV is used to randomise the mapping of cleartext to cipher text and that the IV is usually stored (in cleartext) together with the encrypted record. ...
178 views

### Brute force attack on RSA - success criteria?

In a hypothetical discussion we ended up with a concrete question I'd like to find the answer to: If you try to brute force an RSA encryption, but the original vale which was encrypted was just ...
492 views

### Why is it a security problem that two RSA moduli are not co-prime?

I found this security problem, for example: Alice has an RSA public key: $e = 37$ and $\phi$ (totient, $N_A = (pa-1)(qa-1)$) is $55$, so the key is $(37, 55)$. Bob has an RSA public key: $e = 37$ ...
838 views

### How is input message for SHA-2 padded?

I read about how is an input message prepared to be hashed by MD4,MD5 or SHA-1: Step1 Append padding bits The input message is "padded" (extended) so that its length (in bits) equals to 448 ...
377 views

### why public key cryptography (RSA) is use in sites like Google, facebook (what is the need to ecode data in these sites)?

The RSA algorithm is used for encryption (plain text to cipher text) and decryption (cipher text to plain text) of data. What is the need for using public keys in these sites; why is data is encrypted ...
147 views

### Merkle Signature Generation

In the section 2 (page 42) of the book "Post Quantum Cryptography", it says: Then he generates the one-time signature $\sigma_{\text{OTS}}$ of the digest using the $s$-th one-time signature key ...
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### Digital Signature Scheme Count

My question is How I will be able to count digital signature Scheme that can sign many documents with one private key. There are signature scheme as long as exists private keys in the keys spaces? or ...
277 views

### Help with example RSA problem

While learning about RSA, I found this example problem. The answer is supposed to be "a 4-digit number that is a pattern of digits." I have computed it to be 16657 twice. OK, now to see if you ...
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### Amateur question: two-way RSA?

Is this a sensible scheme for 2-way client/server communication? A client connects to a server. The server and client both generate RSA keys, and send over the public ones to each other. If the client ...
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### How to verify a shared secret using only AES?

I have two devices that need to verify that they both are in possesion of the same secret key. One of the devices is a very limited embedded device that only has AES128 available, no SHA or other hash ...
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### Why is the following RSA PRNG cryptographically secure?

One requirement states that the generator has to withstand the next-bit test. Consider the following PRNG, where we calculate next output $x_i$ via the formula $x_i = x_{i-1}^ e\mod n$. I can see ...
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### Indistinguishability attack example

I want solve the next exercise. The author defined the experiment for the cryptosystem $\Pi$, the adversary $A$ and the security parameter $n$ as follows $\mathsf{PRIV_{EAV}}(\Pi,A,n)$ The ...
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### Is it worth applying a MAC on data in a HSM?

I'm building a basic HSM out of an Arduino, and am using the following scheme to store data: Master symmetric key $k_m$ stored in firmware (secure bit set to prevent trivial extraction). Secondary ...
1k views

### decryption many time pad [duplicate]

I have eleven ciphertexts that were encrypted with the same key (which I don't know). I want to decrypt the last ciphertext. I read similar question like Many time pad attack but I can't solve my ...
I am working on 224-bit elliptic curve cryptography. In this 224-bit * 224-bit multiplication results 448-bit output. I am reducing 448-bit into prime field range( prime number $2^{224}-2^{96}+1$) ...