# All Questions

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### How is input message for SHA-2 padded?

I read about how is an input message prepared to be hashed by MD4,MD5 or SHA-1: Step1 Append padding bits The input message is "padded" (extended) so that its length (in bits) equals to 448 ...
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### What kind of adversary is a compromised party?

Imagine multiple parties executing a secure multiparty computation protocol to evaluate a function securely. Let Alice be one of the parties who is intended to get all the partial results and combine ...
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### Recommended authenticated stream cipher for minimum overhead?

I'm running my TCP/IP protocol secured by encrypting each packet with AES128/CBC, bundling a SHA256 HMAC over that packet. This causes quite a bit of space overhead for small packets, so at first I ...
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### The security of the AES secret itself

I am writing an application, running on a server, where multiple users access data from a database which is AES encrypted with a master secret. The master secret itself is initially randomly ...
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### what actually the function for e(g,g)^xy

I doing a project using ABE "Attribute-Based-Encryption" but i didn't understand what actually the function for $e(g,g)^xy$. Just tell what's the calculation need to perform here. I gone through no of ...
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### Do I need to keep a 64-bit version number secret?

Assume the following structure: version | iv | ciphertext | HMAC(version | iv | ciphertext | ..., key) The version starts out ...
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### What key length is required to keep simple keyed “hash” secure?

In a previous question, I described a particular keyed "hash" that mapped a 5-digit input code into a 5-digit output code. It used a 8-bit key which is very insecure - more than 99% of the time, you ...
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### Physical Level Encryption

What types of algorithms that are capable of signing a message are out there that run on a physical level, e.g. lacking the infrastructure of a standard PC, no memory, processor or motherboard in the ...
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### How to hash a structure that needs to include that hash's outcome?

so I am busy writing a TCP protocol in which I send a "packet header" with each packet of data. This packet header is a structure that contains information about the data that was sent. I want to ...
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### Certificate == signed public key

For primes p and q used to create a keypair, I understand that the following operation is used to create a signature: $M^d (\bmod\ N)$ where d and N have their usual meanings and M is the message. ...
366 views

### Ciphertext-only attack on Simplified DES

Is it possible to deduce the plaintext block or the key, given only a Simplified-DES ciphertext block (e.g. c=01110110)? I'm reading Cryptography And Network Security, by William Stallings and I'm bit ...
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### Voice Call Safety [closed]

When i was dealing with an assistant of my bank through mobile call, she asked me to insert my bank login code after a beep. I was wondering if this procedure is secure against a Man In the Middle ...
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### In which disciplinary category can cryptography be put?

Is it a multi-disciplinary, inter-disciplinary, cross-disciplinary, or maybe even trans-disciplinary? What are the basis to describe each kind? I mean, how can we infer by which disciplinary field we ...
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### Efficient algorithm for remainder calculation over prime field for ECC implementation?

I am working on 224-bit elliptic curve cryptography. In this 224-bit * 224-bit multiplication results 448-bit output. I am reducing 448-bit into prime field range( prime number $2^{224}-2^{96}+1$) ...
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### Strong encryption done by hand [duplicate]

One of the distinguishing features of a good encryption algorithm, is that it is easy to encrypt, and hard to crack. Are there any that are easy enough for average folk to remember, and calculate by ...
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### ElGamal encryption with private key [closed]

Does the encryption with a private key and decryption with a public key works in ElGamal likewise what is done when we use RSA for sender authentication?
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### Regain 3DES ECB key, assuming I have both encrypted and decrypted text

Let's assume I've encrypted some text with some 24-byte key using 3DES ECB. Question: is it possible to regain the key if I have both encrypted and decrypted text? Excluding bruteforce.
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### ECC - Point Addition/Point Multiplication

So I have a very beginner-esque knowledge of ECDSA and I'm trying to write something in python to take a private key and output the public key (Basically from what I understand just trying to do the ...
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### Authentication mechanism for low memory, low computing power device

I am looking for an authentication mechanism that works best with low memory, low computing power devices. I came across a paper "A Practical Zero-Knowledge Protocol Fitted to Security Microprocessor ...
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### Game traffic encryption AES CTR + HMAC

I was asked to implement traffic encryption between the game server and clients. Currently, the traffic is not encrypted in any way, which lets players use cheats to listen to the traffic in order to ...
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### Is an elliptic curve over $\mathbb{F}_p$ order preserving for the points $(x,y) \in \mathbb{Z}_p$?

Let $E\colon y^2=x^3+ax+b$ be an elliptic curve, and consider its realisation over the finite field of prime order $p$: $E(\mathbb{F}_{p})$. Then if $0<a,b$ is the following true? \forall ...
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### The real-life meaning of proving over a group that doesn't support the oracle?

If I proved a scheme's security under GDH assumption, in real-life, if this DDH oracle does exist, then it's good, but what about other side ? In real-life, if this DDH oracle doesn't exist, then ...
Suppose $h_1$ is collision resistant, and $h_2$ isn't. Will $h(x)=h_2(h_1(x))$ always be collision resistant? [Edited:] the output of h2 must be uniformly distributed