All Questions

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Calculating probability of finding collisions in an invertible hash function

Assuming we have an invertible hash function H that takes inputs of size 2n and outputs hashes of size n, I use the following algorithm to find collisions: Choose a random M as input. Compute its ...
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Number of Sbox in a Cipher

Camellia has 4 SBOX and so does the TwoFish(key dependent 4 Sboxes). Where as AES uses only one. Would it have made AES more secure if AES had 4 or more SBOX too? Does using more Sbox with similar ...
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Camellia Key Schedule

Camellia is a widely used International standard now. Its Key Schedule seems to be too simple as compared other famous Ciphers like Twofish and CAST-256. What are the per-requisites for the key-...
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Numeric base conversion in cryptosystems?

I have been wondering if numeric base conversion has ever found an application in cryptography. By base conversion, an example that is probably familiar is Base64 encoding. This is an example of ...
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Why Rabin fingerprints assumes data is prefixed with a “1” bit?

(I know that a Rabin fingerprint is not a cryptographic hash, sorry in advance if my question is considered out of topic) In the paper Some applications of Rabin's fingerprinting method, it is ...
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Is normal to take wrong values of the polynomial for given x while applying Horner's rule

I want to evaluate the polynomial $a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+...a_nx^n$ using Horner's evaluation due to i want to speed up my performance of application written in Java. The problem is that sometimes it gives ...
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How many field operations are needed when you compute kG in elliptic curves with a multiple additions or the double-ans-add-algorithm?

For an assignment, we have to calculate how many field computations are needed to calculate kG in an elliptic curve. They want us to show this for two different ways of calculating kG. The first way: ...
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Combining secure hashes with insecure hashes?

Assuming I'm a bank which seeks for secure hash functions to use in the process of signing on digital contents. I'd like to explain / prove why using each one of the following hash functions might ...
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How to generate an El Gamal signature without knowing the private key x?

Let $x$ be the private key. Let $k$ be a random generated number $< p-1$, with $p$ the large prime. Let $g$ be the generator of $p$ the large prime. Let $r$ be the equality $r=g^k$ Let $m_e$ be an ...
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Message length for aes 256 in ctr, ecb and cbc mode

I want to encrypt a message that have values between 0 and 50. So message have maxim 1 byte. Is possible to encrypt with aes256 in ctr, ecb and cbc mode, messages from 1 byte, not necessary 32 bytes? ...
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X509 Cert exploit CA check

Assumptions Let's theoretically assume that a browser skips the check that a certificate it receives belongs to the stated CA (that's an exercise). How could I exploit this in order to impersonate ...
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Insecure third party connection

My organization processes some PII data and shares it with an outbound connection (outflow only) that is a third party. The data transfer transactions occur without human intervention. That outbound ...
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How to forge signatures in the Schnorr scheme if $r=g^k$ is eliminated?

I need some help to demonstrate how to forge signatures in the Schnorr scheme if I eliminate the random string $r=g^k$ used in the hash – using $H(M)$ instead of $H(M||r)$. How would one be able to ...
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Good evening, I'm about to write my own quadratic sieve implementation in C using GMP library for large numbers. I'm facing an issue while attempting to do the last factorization step for the number: ...
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Digital signature with collision

Let's assume a digital signature scheme such that there's a probability of 0.2 for two random messages to have the same signature. How can I exploit this sheme? I'm having difficulties in finding an ...
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How to decrypt SSL data on a considered-to-be-compromised host? [closed]

I have a package which I want to encrypt on my machine and send it to another remote machine. If I use asymmetric encryption, I must have the private key on the remote side. However, I don't trust the ...
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How to brute force sqlcipher encrypted file with MD5 hash of a 7 bit key?

I have a database file that is encrypted using sqlcipher and MD5 hash. Sqlcipher to my understanding provides 256 bit AES encryption. The key is 7 bits long. How do I brute force it?
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Is SHA-256 safe and difficult to crack? [duplicate]

I am trying to crack a SHA-256 hash but I am not sure how to approach this in an efficient way. The following is known of the original non-hashed content: 64 characters long only consists 0-9 and a-...
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Is it possible to extract the decryption key from a locked android device

Is it possible to extract the decryption key from a FDE android device while the screen is locked but the phone is powered on. Is the data only safe when the phone is off ?
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El Gamal special construction

The algorithm: I have to determine if the following algorithm is secure: $p,q \in \mathbb{P}$ and $N = p \cdot q$ $e \in [2, N - 1]$ such that $\gcd(e, N) = 1$ $r_1, r_2$ are random numbers ...
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If I encrypt data with two different ECC Private keys, how secure is the result?

I'm wondering whether encrypting data with two different 256-bit ECC keys will result in a more secure encryption (minimum 384 bit equivalent) or will result in data that's effectively encrypted with ...
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Not-So-Simple Substitution Cipher?

The first go-to weakness when talking about substitution ciphers is frequency analysis. It assumes that there's a simple 1 to 1 character mapping between the plain text and the cipher text. Could a ...
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Key Management - general question [migrated]

I have a little question regarding the wonderful topic of "Key Management". Let's imagine I would use a service like AWS Key Management. According to their API documentation one can easily decrypt a ...
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Exponential cipher theory misunderstanding

Say I pick modulus $m=2633$ and key $e=13$ My private key $d$ is $13$ inverse in $\bmod 2632$ which I need to compute $(e,m)$ is my public key that anyone can use to encrypt message for me and then ...
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How to determine how good our generator of random numbers is [duplicate]

I am using SecureRandom class in java with default constructor and after i run it four times and each times i will take back 4 "supposed highly secured random numbers" . First run : -35 -43 -127 12 ...
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Size of Pre-Master Secret?

I am implementing TLS 1.2 and using cipher ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 According to RFC 5346 Section 8.1 length of premaster secret will vary depending on key exchange method. So, what is the ...
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Why the exponent is a power of 2 in Ring-LWE?

I was reading some papers on Ring-LWE. I found almost all of them talk to choose the polynomial modulo $x^n+1$ where $n$ is a power of $2$. I did not understand why this condition is necessary?
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What is the right strategy for me to develop a paid public wifi? [migrated]

I want to establish a paid public WiFi system. Here is my model of how it will work: I will install a public WiFi in my apartment. Using the WiFi system is paid but, voluntary. Those who pay me a ...
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multi key encryption

Is there an algorithm which allows using multiple keys for decryption? I had this scenario in mind: think about being a boss of a corperation which has an encrypted data base with loads of secret ...
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In the Quadratic Sieve, why restrict the factor base?

In the Quadratic Sieve, when factoring a number $N$, many descriptions and most implementations select as the factor base the set of small primes $p_j$ less than some bound $B$ restricted to having ...
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X509 certificate

I am studying the X509 certificate structure and here is an OpenSSL configuration file for generating the certificate. ("sth" just mean the actual string is removed) ...
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Range of a number notation

If a number is chosen from $[-n,n]$ is that the same as being chosen from $\mathbb{Z}_n$? Since the operations are modular, what meaning does the negative part of the range have?
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Is this approach able to protect against padding oracle attacks?

I know that a protection against the padding oracle attack is to encrypt-then-mac. This is to avoid trying to decrypt a modified ciphertext, and leak information about padding errors. Suppose that we ...
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RC4 using a key without nonce's or IV's [duplicate]

I'm researching RC4 and I am trying to recreate a condition where RC4 is crackable. However I can't quite find the article/resource I need to find the weakness for an implementation like this (python):...
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How do I pick variable length passwords uniformly at random?

How do I pick passwords uniformly at random when given a min and max length? It seems that if I first pick a random length, then choose random characters, this procedure will choose shorter length ...
81 views

Sieving the sequence $x^2-n$ to recognize b-smooth numbers

I am currently programming the quadratic sieve and have several literature books / papers and will take an example out of [1] for my question: [1] An Introduction to Mathemtaical Cryptography by J. ...
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Why $p-1$ needs large factors in discrete logarithm?

In discrete logarithm over cyclic group $\Bbb Z_p$ where $p$ is a prime or $p=q^n$ a prime power it is desired that $p-1$ needs to have large factors except for $2$. What is the consequence even if ...
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Why is a-symmetric so much harder to compute and why does it need such big keys? [duplicate]

I read that a symmetric encryption requires a way bigger key size to have the same security as symmetric encryption with smaller keys. But why is this, and why is it so much harder to compute?
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In RSA, how does the CPU deal with this huge modulus (8192 bits)?

Whilst I understand how the RSA algorithm works, I don't understand how the CPU operates when it needs to use the mod function with a huge number $n$, for example. ...