# All Questions

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### How can I implement the “Multiplication Modulo” and “Addition Modulo” operations in IDEA?

I am currently working on IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm), and I don't know how to perform Multiplication Modulo and Addition Modulo. This is how IDEA operates: IDEA operates on ...
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### How to construct a variable length IND-CPA cipher from a fixed length one?

Suppose we can construct a secure (IND-CPA) encryption scheme for fixed length messages. I was wondering if there is a natural way to extend this construction for messages of variable length such that ...
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### Is there a symmetric-key cryptography based on key establishment techniques?

Most of the current key exchange techniques are based on public-key cryptography. Are there any key exchange/establishment techniques based on symmetric-key cryptography too? In my setup primary ...
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### Hill Cipher known plaintext attack

I know a plaintext - ciphertext couple of length 6 for a hill cipher where its key is a [3x3] matrix. Based on what I've read and learned, to attack and crack keys of [n x n], if we know a plaintext ...
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### Key Scheduling of International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA)

How to perform the key scheduling in International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), I took a research but I can't understand how to perform it, "further groups of eight keys are created by rotating ...
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### Are there secure stream ciphers that cannot be parallelized?

Are there any stream ciphers (or a deterministic random number generators, that should work as well I guess?) that cannot be parallelized? So for example if I seed it with a specific value, and then ...
683 views

### Traditional DES scheme in Unix crypt function

In a security context course, we need to reproduce the old DES hashing scheme in the crypt program, on an old unix system. I am actually reading the crypt page on wikipedia: The traditional ...
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### Ways to protect flash player against MITM diffie hellman

We have a server, which sends content encrypted with AES128 or RC4 to a flash client over an insecure HTTP channel. The encryption key is negotiated using Diffie Hellman. The problem: Diffie ...
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### Increase number of rounds for SPN and Feistel ciphers

Read a post on Schneiers blog (and again 2011) about increasing the number of rounds for AES from to "AES-128 at 16 rounds, AES-192 at 20 rounds, and AES-256 at 28 rounds" to raise the security. ...
283 views

### Can I save space for short messages by using encryption with private key instead of a signature?

Let's say I have a message, a Private Key and a Public Key. Normally if you want to see if the message is unaltered and is from the sender you would have the message part + signature part, which you ...
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I have the following password with a prescribed format: it starts with a fixed value of 111, followed by 2 random lower case letters and then lastly a random digit: "111""2 Random lowercase ...
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### Is it safe to hold key file's hash in application

Title says all; Is it safe to hold key file's hash (MD5 or SHA1) in application (hard-coded)? Thanks
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### How do I encrypt with the private key? [duplicate]

Possible Duplicate: RSA encryption with private key and decryption with a public key This wording is creeping everywhere (e.g. there): "I encrypt with the private key" and even sometimes, ...
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### What happens to the entropy of a password when you hash it?

For example, if the entropy of a password is 30 bits, what is the entropy of the password when you hash it with MD5?
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### What's the difference between a Key Derivation Function and a Password-Hash?

It seems to me that anything that was sufficiently good as a KDF would work just fine as a password hash, though the reverse might not be true. Are there considerations specific to password-hashing ...
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### Is there a public key semantically secure cryptosystem for which one can prove in zero knowledge the equivalence of two plaintexts?

If Alice encrypts two messages $a$ and $b$, such that $x=E(a)$, $y=E(b)$. Can Alice prove (without revealing $a$, $b$ or the private key) that $a = b$? Obviously the proof must not be too long and it ...
137 views

### Encryption algorithm which produces comparable results for substrings

I am wondering is there any encryption algorithm available which produces comparable string. I am expecting the output as shown below. ...
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### Using pairings to verify an extended euclidean relation without leaking the values?

Let $P_i(x)$ be polynomials $i=1,...,n$, $s$ some value, and $g$ a generator of a group $G$ where the discrete logarithm is hard. Assume a prover wants to convince a verifier having access to the ...
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### RSA keys finding when messages are known

I have this situation, where, in a game, people send messages to each other (game moves etc...) These messages need to be encrypted, and should only be readable by the destination person. I am using ...
868 views

### AES encryption for images [closed]

Why AES based encryption is not recommended for encrypting images with high redundancy in their content? for example, the encryption of an image which shows a bird in the blue sky. Most of the pixels ...
110 views

### Quantum key distribution and OTP

Why is QKD usually associated with OTP ? QKD is about key distribution, where as OTP is about using key as long as message to get perfect secrecy, can any one explain how they are related ?
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### What's the main difference between Pohlig-Hellman and RSA?

Both Pohlig-Hellman and RSA perform encryption and decryption by exponentiation modulo some integer ($p$ prime for PH, $n$ composite for RSA). They both use a key $e$ as the exponent to encrypt a ...
542 views

### Avalanche noise RNG for one-time pad use

I came across this little HRNG widget and was really intrigued as I have been looking for a decent but afordable source for truly random bits to use in a one-time pad. The question is, would a HRNG ...
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### What's is the main difference between a key, an IV and a nonce?

What are the main differences between a nonce, a key and an IV. Without any doubt the key should be kept secret. But what about the nonce and the IV. What's the main difference between them and their ...
464 views

### Cryptanalysis of S-DES - Equations

I am trying to derive equations for s and t in the cryptanalysis of a Simple DES algorithm, but I haven't been able to deduce ...
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### Besides key and ciphertext sizes what are other advantages of elliptic curve versions of various protocols?

There are elliptic curve variants of Diffie-Hellman, ElGamal, DSA and possibly other protocols/algorithms. I know that these elliptic curve variants have smaller key and ciphertext sizes which will ...
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### Correct method to encrypt data so that it can be decrypted only by Alice and Bob

I need to build a system that stores encrypted transactions. Transaction involves always two parties. Payer and payee. Both must be able to download encrypted transaction from server and decrypt it ...
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### server side Javascript security

It is accepted that the javascript library lacks the ability to create an adequate PRNG. My understanding that this was mainly due to the limits of a sandboxed browser enviroment that javascript ...
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### Proving correctness of pseudorandom generator construction given existing pseudorandom generator

Say if I have a given pseudorandom generator G which takes a k-bit input and outputs a 3k-bit number. How should I show that a specific construction using this pseudorandom generator is valid? For ...
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### Is it possible to obtain AES-128 key from a known ciphertext-plaintext pair?

I have a file, which was encrypted with AES-128 in ECB mode. I know the format of the original file and know that all files in this format have the same headers. So, I have an encrypted block and the ...
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### How does one calculate the cryptoperiod?

NIST Special Publication 800-57 defines a cryptoperiod as the time span during which a specific key is authorized for use by legitimate entities, or the keys for a given system will remain in ...
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### Using SHA-256 with different initial hash value

FIPS 180-3 defines the initial hash value for SHA-256 as the first 32 bits of the fractional parts of the square roots of the first 8 primes 2..19. What would be the risks of using a different value ...
427 views

### Calculating cycles per byte

Cycles per byte seems to be a critical concern in designing and choosing stream ciphers. For example, from Wikipedia, RC4 has 7 cycles/byte on original Pentium chips. How is this calculated? Do they ...
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### Could the Enigma algorithm be classified as a Feistel network?

The Enigma algorithm is a encryption method that was developed (I believe) by the Germans in WWII. It went a little something like this: When a letter was typed on the keyboard of the Enigma ...
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### In layman's terms, how does Shor's algorithm work?

I've just been reading up on Shor's algorithm, and I find it both fascinating and baffling. I don't really understand much about it, other than that it can factor semiprimes in polynomial time. Could ...