# All Questions

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### What is the right notion of security to use for file encryption?

It seems that several file encryption systems do NOT use authenticated encryption. (E.g. gpg --symmetric and boxcryptor as far as I can determine). I understand that this is generally considered ...
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### Is there a mental poker algorithm that does not rely on commutative encryption?

The algorithm for mental poker that I saw on Wikipedia and everywhere else relies on an encryption algorithm such that $E_k(E_j(P)) = E_j(E_k(P))$, but I can't find a modern and secure algorithm for ...
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### About Primitive roots mod n in Diffie-Hellman [duplicate]

I'm on the study of Diffie-Hellman and its related math (multiplicative group of integers $\mod n$). In some crypto papers and documents I've read that $g$ needs to be a primitive root mod $n$ ($g$ ...
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### Why does OMAC2 exist?

The specification for OMAC has the following to say about OMAC2: For OMAC2, we adopted u−1 instead of u2 as Cst2. It requires one right shift to compute L· u−1 instead of one left shift to compute (...
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### DPA Attack on HMAC SHA-256

I have read the paper Differential Power Analysis of HMAC SHA-2 in the Hamming Weight Model and I want to understand the DPA Attack. In section 3.2.1 Path 1 (page 4) there is written: The last ...
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### Fast PKI for embedded device

We are creating a device with a small microcontroller (20 MHz CPU 16 KiB RAM). We need some way to securely send signed files to device (only signature, no encryption necessary). An external company ...
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### How to decrypt a PGP message with only the two primes and the public exponent?

I'm trying to decrypt a PGP Message that is encrypted with an RSA key, but I only have this information: Public exponent: 65537 Prime 1: ...
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### Operation modes of block ciphers how are used?

I am studying about different operation modes of block ciphers my question isn't something specific to that, but is how these operation modes are used in cryptography? I have this picture here (OFB-...
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### poodle padding multiple blocks?

I'm quite new to the topic and read a bit about poodle and padding oracle. I quite understand the "regular" padding oracle attack, substituting the last byte of block(n-1) to determine the last byte ...
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### Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof for discrete logarithm without random oracle

Is there any non-interactive zero-knowledge proof for discrete logarithm without random oracle over the group $\mathbb Z_p$?
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### Why don’t all AES encryption tools produce the same key from the same password?

Alice and Bob meet regularly. They have agreed face-to-face a 128 bit password which they want use to encrypt/decrypt emails written between them. They decide to use 256-bit AES. Alice wrote her ...
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### Does the encryption algorithm DES perform random permutations? If so how is information not lost?

Before round 1 begins, all 64 bits of an incoming message and all 56 bits of the secret key are separately permuted (shuffled) My question is this : Is the shuffling of the bits performed randomly? ...
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### Why is public key cryptography not widely used in governments? [closed]

Are there any practical limitations? Govt driving license, passport, SSN could be digitally signed making it easy for anyone to validate. They can have a qr code in them which can be easily validated ...
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### What does a stream cipher provide that cannot be obtained with AES CTR mode operation?

I can precompute the key stream for the CTR mode operation and the encryption at that point is similar to a stream cipher. So why are there stream ciphers still used and proposed after RC4? Recently ...
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### One time pad in CBC mode?

I have been searching about if it is more secure to use CBC mode in OTP but I can't find anywhere where people have sad that it is more secure. Question: Is CBC mode in OTP more secure? Because I ...
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### Sharing a secret key between many users

I would like to know if there is any security issue in sharing a secret key (of an asymmetric cryptography) between several users. I know that this secret key is no longer "secret", so it's no longer ...
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### Bilinear pairing arithmetic - cryptographic accumulators

For calculating accumulated values for set of elements chosen randomly from say ${ e_1 ,e_2,...e_n}\varepsilon X$ we use the formula $acc= g^{f(e,s)}$ where $f(e,s)= (e_1+s)(e_2+s).....(e_n+s)$ ...
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### What is the difference between H(M) and H3(M, s, IDA)? [closed]

What is the difference between H(M) and H3(M, s, IDA)? I am aware of Hash function with a Message and a Key, but there are three parameters in: H3(M, s, IDA). Here M is the message, s is the key, ...
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### Are covert and rational adversaries same?

Aumann and Lindell defined covert adversaries in 2009 which is informally adversaries which have a epsilon-deterrence to cheat. Some authors (for ex. John R. Wallrabenstein) have defined similar ...
2k views

### PGP public RSA key format

I have been trying to use Go (I could post the code, but I think I posted enough already...) to generate a PGP RSA key. However every time I try to encrypt something with it, something fails. However, ...
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### Cryptographic enforcement schemes using Diffie-Hellman

If one wants to set up a decentralized cryptographic enforcement scheme in which the level of 'confidentiality' of information is marked by its position in a poset, why not use Diffie-Hellman to ...
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### Ring signatures in ECC

Are ring signatures possible with elliptic curves? If so how. The original paper by Rivest, Shamir, Tauman seems to require an invertible trapdoor function. But I've only seen algorithms for secret ...
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### How many bits of entropy can I expect from /dev/urandom in iOS?

Apple's latest security documentation indicates that it now uses CTR_DRBG for generating pseudo-random numbers (previously Yarrow instead of CTR_DRBG), using "timing variations during boot" and "...
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### Discrete log in Galois Extension Field

I was reading 'Pinocchio Coin' paper by Danezis et al. where they have said, "If we use the efficient pairing groups of Pinocchio, computing discrete logarithms in the exponent field $\mathbb{F}_p$ ...
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### Finding public exponent e

I'm trying to create an algorithm to find the public exponent e given a plain (non-CRT) private key that doesn't include the public exponent, i.e. I've only got $n$ and $d$. A question has already ...
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### How to calculate RSA CRT parameters from public key and private exponent

Given the public key (n, e) and private exponent (d), how to calculate CRT parameters (p, q, dP, dQ, and qInv) of this RSA key pair?
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### Is it practical to use a stream cipher in a block cipher mode?

My idea is to use a stream cipher encrypting 16 bytes at a time as a primative block cipher in a mode of operation such as CBC mode. Is this practical or useful in any way?
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### Name of this attack?

I am studying Merkle tree signature. Let $\sigma=(s,Y_s,\sigma_{\text{OTS}},As)$ be a signature of certain document. Here $s$ is the index of leaf, $Y_s$ is the respectively OTS public key and $A_s$ ...
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### Using ECB as RSA encryption mode, but encrypted messages are unique

As I understand, ECB should not be used as encryption mode unless you are encrypting single blocks of data which are always unique and only are encrypted once. I have a collection of ids represented ...
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### Are pseudorandom permutation really permutation in mathematical sense?

In security, and specifically Block Cipher (AES, DES, etc), when we talk about pseudo random permutations, is the term "permutation" refer to the same meaning as in discrete mathematics. That is, the ...
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### Compacting a substitution cipher key

In a substitution cipher, I recieve 3 bits and than I return another 3 bits. The key of this cipher could be a matrix represented as: ...
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### Would this method allow fast authenticated encryption using only a single encryption and RNG operation per block? [closed]

The most promising of the 4 approaches described here (version 4) has been posted as a separate question. This post should be considered for archiving and historical purposes only. Disclaimer: the ...
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### Hard-core predicates: should the adversary be given $1^n$?
In most (all?) classical sources such as the book of Goldreich (2001), hard-core predicated are defined thus: A polynomial-time computable predicate $b : \{0,1\}^* \to \{0,1\}$ is a hard-core of a ...