# All Questions

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### How to find generator $g$ in a cyclic group?

As generator $g$ is use in DH how to find combination of prime $p$ and $g$? eg: if we choose $p=23$ its generator is $7$ (given in book) how to find it?
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### Digital Signature Scheme Count

My question is How I will be able to count digital signature Scheme that can sign many documents with one private key. There are signature scheme as long as exists private keys in the keys spaces? or ...
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### Help with example RSA problem

While learning about RSA, I found this example problem. The answer is supposed to be "a 4-digit number that is a pattern of digits." I have computed it to be 16657 twice. OK, now to see if you ...
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### Amateur question: two-way RSA?

Is this a sensible scheme for 2-way client/server communication? A client connects to a server. The server and client both generate RSA keys, and send over the public ones to each other. If the client ...
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### How to verify a shared secret using only AES?

I have two devices that need to verify that they both are in possesion of the same secret key. One of the devices is a very limited embedded device that only has AES128 available, no SHA or other hash ...
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### Why is the following RSA PRNG cryptographically secure?

One requirement states that the generator has to withstand the next-bit test. Consider the following PRNG, where we calculate next output $x_i$ via the formula $x_i = x_{i-1}^ e\mod n$. I can see ...
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### Indistinguishability attack example

I want solve the next exercise. The author defined the experiment for the cryptosystem $\Pi$, the adversary $A$ and the security parameter $n$ as follows $\mathsf{PRIV_{EAV}}(\Pi,A,n)$ The ...
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### Is it worth applying a MAC on data in a HSM?

I'm building a basic HSM out of an Arduino, and am using the following scheme to store data: Master symmetric key $k_m$ stored in firmware (secure bit set to prevent trivial extraction). Secondary ...
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### Efficient algorithm for remainder calculation over prime field for ECC implementation?

I am working on 224-bit elliptic curve cryptography. In this 224-bit * 224-bit multiplication results 448-bit output. I am reducing 448-bit into prime field range( prime number $2^{224}-2^{96}+1$) ...
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### Is it safe for the ChaCha8 nonce to be deterministic?

ChaCha8 takes a 8 byte nonce (or IV) that should not be the same twice for the same key. Generating this nonce randomly makes me very very nervous for collisions. Is it safe to generate this nonce ...
417 views

### Chosen Plaintext Attacks against an Affine Cipher

Assuming the ability to launch Chosen Plaintext Attacks (CPA), how many oracle calls an attacker needs to break the affine cipher? and how
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### Why are RSA keys encoded with ASN.1 for TLS?

Browser vendors use ASN.1 encoding for RSA certificates in the TLS protocol. RSA public keys are just a number, so why do we need encode them to something else? That increases the risk of security ...
388 views

### File encryption with one keypair?

I'm working on a program that uses an ECC keypair in a (password protected) PKCS12 file (.pfx) to encrypt files. I like this method because I think it will be higher security (using ECDH to negotiate ...
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### ECIES protocol - what does the || operation mean?

I am studying elliptic curves problems, which also includes study of related protocols such as ECIES. A there is a problem I don't understand operation $||$. What this operation mean? Some stuff is ...
4k views

### Initialization vector length insufficient in AES

I use AES with AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding with the following encryption and decryption code sections in Java: ...
288 views

### One-way function and factoring

I am confused about the hardness of the one-way function behind cryptography -- if someone could factor the large number produced back into two primes quickly then the one-way function would be ...
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### Can md5 be used for encrypting data?

I know that md5 shouldn't be used for password hashing because of collisions and possibility of making dictionary attacks e.g. using rainbow tables. But what about ...
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### Verifying the integrity of ciphertext using the cleartext hash?

I want to be able to verify the integrity of a ciphertext by providing the cleartext hash, for this to work it would need to: $$hash(crypt(cleartext)) = f(hash(cleartext))$$ Where $f$ is an ...
5k views

### c# Correct Triple Des Block Encryption Usage

I found the below code online, but in its original state, the encryption was not using any padding (Padding.None), and was encrypting in blocks of 8. I wasn't able to get this code to properly encrypt ...
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Given is a system, which does provide only implementations of fast hash algorithms (MD5, SHA1, SHA-256, SHA-512). There is no implementation of PBKDF2, bcrypt or scrypt available. The system does ...
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### Combined message separation

I have two ciphertexts, I suppose that its RC4 with reused key. I have XORed both ciphertexts and obtained message containing combined cleartexts. I suppose that the underlaying messages are written ...
104 views

### RSA Key generation: How is multiplicative inverse computed?

As per Wikipedia, RSA keygen goes like this: Choose two distinct prime numbers p and q. Compute $n = pq$. Compute $\varphi(n) = (p − 1)(q − 1)$. Choose an integer e such that \$1 < e < ...
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### Verifying identity using a sha-1 hash

I was reading http://blog.zorinaq.com/?e=74 which is about a Windows kernel developer. The developer proves that he is an actual developer by posting the SHA1 hash of a particular revision of a file. ...
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### Possible to use an accumulator to “license” or restrict the qty of certificates being used?

Suppose in a future version of x509 PKI, it is possible to limit the quantity of certificates being used, what would that look like? Here is a concept that won't work in the real world, but ...
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### NTRU key generation

I've been experimenting with an NTRU open-source C implementation here I've noticed something (potentionally) strange with a certain set of params: NTRU_EES1087EP2 (defined here). When generating ...
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### Performance bottlenecks in Paillier encryption

I'm implementing Paillier encryption and I'd like some recommendations about improving its performance. Firstly, I have to note the following: I have already set g=1+n to get rid of one ...
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### Chosen plaintext vs Chosen ciphertext

What is the difference between chosen plaintext and chosen ciphertext attack? In both of these adversary has access to paintext-ciphertext pairs.Then where lies the difference?
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### Associative but NOT Commutative Reducing Function Construction with Existing Hash Function(s)

Is it possible to construct a binary reducing function based on any existing cryptographic hash function satisfying the associative property but not the commutative property? So formally: Using an ...
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### How can a cryptosystem be unconditional secure?

How can a cryptosystem be unconditional secure ? The definition of an unconditional secure cryptosystem states that the cryptosystem cannot be broken even with infinitely computational ressources ...