All Questions

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Why are there $2^{56}$ possible DES keys when there are 64 key bits?

On forums I read DES has $2^{56}$ possible keys so it takes x times to brute force it with hardware x. But there are 64 total bits of which are 8 parity bits. But those parity bits are a ...
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What does this advantage statement signify?

In many Attribute Based Encryption papers I see this line... The advantage of an adversary A in this game is defined as Pr[b' = b] − 1/2. Can someone explain what it means to me? I assume it means ...
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Zero-knowledge proof for the product of additive Paillier ciphers

Suppose that Alice received the cipher values: $E(x_1), E(x_2), ..., E(x_n)$ that are encrypted using Paillier cryptosystem by $n$ entities with Bob's public key. Alice computes $E(\sum x_i)$ from ...
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Perfect Secrecy in Symmetric Key Systems

For symmetric key systems does perfect secrecy imply that all ciphers in the cipher space are equiprobable? I would think not, but I am finding it hard to come up with a counter example.
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Complexity using RSA

You encrypt a message using the RSA encryption system as $t^e \pmod n$ , where $t, e < n$ and $t$ is the numerical equivalent of the message. The message is written in a $27$-letter alphabet and is ...
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collision resistant hash function

I have got through the collision resistant hash function,and I found it a little bit tricky to solve this question: Would you please help me solve it?
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How can I implement decryption for NTRU homomorphic encryption scheme?

I have come across this paper On-the-fly multiparty computation via on-the-cloud Multikey from Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Lopez-Alt et al., where authors describe a NTRU-based homomorphic ...
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How does CTR-ESSIV work?

I'm using Wikipedia and Handbook of Applied Cryptography as references. I know that ESSIV generates an initialization vector (IV) by combining a hashed key with the sector number. However, I only see ...
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Is it possible to perform a rudimentary asymmetric key encryption algorithm by hand?

I have at least three, distinct motivations for having a simple way to use asymmetric key encryption by hand or without modern computers. First, I was recently demonstrating to a 12-year-old how ...
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Example of Projective Coordinates

Given the affine form of coordinates $(x,y)$ such as $(5,3)$, if I want to convert $(5,3)$ to projective coordinates $(x,y,z)$, should the form of point be $(5,3,1)$? It is triplet not a point, right? ...
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A general definition for cryptocurrencies

I am trying to find the definitions to several terms related to digital currencies. Unfortunately, I am always ending up on Bitcoin-oriented pages and websites which only take Bitcoin itself into ...
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Cycling hashing in PBKDF's and their limitations in strength?

I hope this question isn't too similar to one that's already been asked. I also want to point out I know part the answer already, AFAIK: I just want some expert input on this. Let's model a hash that ...
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Can blockchain be used in a comparable way to an encrypted SQLite database?

Further to a previous question of mine regarding multiple encryption levels in a SQLite database, I was asking whether it's possible for different users are able to decrypt only records of the ...
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Why should $a,b < N$ for Montgomery Reduction?

In Montgomery reduction, when calculating $a \times b \mod N$, it is required that $a \lt N$ and $b \lt N$. I think $0 \le T \lt N \times R$ is enough for the Montgomery Reduction. Rationale: Let ...
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Using e-ID Number for Encryption and Digital Signing

I want to use e-ID number for performing Encryption/Decryption and Digital Signing - and in order to do so, I've opted a PGP-oriented approach which goes a bit like this. Generating PGP key-pair ...
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Compact digital signature for noisy data

The question asks for a signature scheme, with a public verification procedure, that is tolerant to minor alterations of the signed data during its transmission [possibly in analog form over some ...
15k views

AES CBC mode or AES CTR mode recommended?

What are the benefits and disadvantages of CBC vs. CTR mode? Which one is more secure?
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Why does HMAC use two different keys?

Suppose $H$ is a hash function; why is $H(k||H(k||m))$ not secure? See this HMAC definition. In there, indeed two keys are used and the mac algorithm is $H(k_1 ||H(k_2 ||m))$ . Why don't we use ...
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Stern identification scheme to signature scheme

I'm trying to understand the comment in the page 103 of the book Postquantum Cryptography. about convert the identification Stern procedure for signing. Can you write an example of signature of this ...
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If you use an AES key just once, do you need to use IV, and/or pad the message? [duplicate]

I am developing an application that is going to use AES encryption. Since it is going to use a different key for every message encrypted... Would it be secure to use a constant IV? (i.e null bytes) ...
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Understanding the cryptography used in a file [closed]

I use a software that stores a raw binary file with information, and exports it to a text file. I have access to the data in the original binary file. You can find a sample of the contents of the raw ...
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Semantic Security and Equal Message Length in the Context of Public Key Cryptography

A lot of definitions for semantic security make use an experiment $\text{Exp}$ which is performed between a challenger $\mathcal{C}$ and an adversary $\mathcal{A}$ that begins as follows: ...
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What are the differences between proofs based on simulation and proofs based on games?

what are the main pros and cons of proving the "security" of a crypto scheme under simulation proofs instead of game based proofs?
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Symmetric encryption vulnerable when encrypting and decrypting are the same?

To my understanding, symmetric encryption is where encrypting and decrypting data can occur with the same key. It's possible for symmetric encryption that the encrypting and decrypting algorithms are ...
109 views

How long does it take to decrypt an RSA/ECB encrypted message?

I am working on assignment where I have specific scenarios and I am little bit struggling with this one. Alice sends and email to Bob.For this e-mail, she uses the following method of encryption: ...
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Encryption scheme like RSA where encryption is the inverse of decryption

In RSA, it is basically equivalent to use the private key $d$ to encrypt as it is to use the public key $e$ to encrypt. They are exactly inverses: $e=d^{-1}$. I need to know, are there other public ...
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User key User Certificates [migrated]

Why would I find these in someone's security settings? I was going through my moms phone when I noticed some type of encrypted certificate. Figured out one of the two passwords required for access. ...
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This is bad. I don't know how to figure out the keyword and the keyletter [duplicate]

That may be bad, but I cannot crack any keyword messages!
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Formal proof of theorem concerning the Random Oracle Model

Reading a book on cryptography by Douglas R. Stinson I've met the following theorem, which is stated without proof (see here). Thereby, $\mathcal{F^{X,Y}}$ denotes the set of all functions from ...
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Does the time to evaluate a hash function depend on the function input size?

Suppose we have a (variable-input size) hash function modeled as a random oracle. Can it be consistent to say that the time to evaluate this function depends on the input size ?
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Scrypt not “old enough” to be safe?

I just check all the questions with scrypt tag about that and usually it's said that scrypt is nice in theory and theoretically better than bcrypt and PKDF2, but it's too young to be "completely ...
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Convert projective to affine coordinates in ECC? [closed]

I am working with my project. I use projective coordinates but when I convert to affine coordinates, I can't get it. Can anyone help me? Projective Coordinates $(X,Y,Z)$ to Affine Coordinates ...
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Non-numeric Diffie-Hellman?

It may seem that this is a programming question, but I just need advice on the cryptography side of the question. I want to implement the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm on iOS (since no free ...
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Could we share a secret key using the Birthday problem?

I stumbled upon this code on-line, it seems obvious to me that generating all 2^40 keys in trivial time can always be achieved as can hashing each and everyone of them, using the SHARED Salt that ...
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The difficulty of computing discrete logs

I understand that in Diffie-Hellman it should be hard to compute $a$ given $g$ and $g^a$. In computational Diffie-Hellman, it appears to be hard to compute $(g^{ab})$ from $g^a$ and $g^b$. As for ...
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Contrasting Key Rotation Requirements : Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Ciphers

I'm trying to contrast key rotation requirements for asymmetric and symmetric ciphers. In the case of symmetric ciphers, we have the results such as the so called "CBC Theorem" (stated on pg. 24 of ...
893 views

Should the secret key of Shamir's secret-sharing algorithm be interpreted byte by byte?

Should the secret message of Shamir's secret-sharing algorithm be interpreted and processed byte by byte? Interpreting it byte by byte makes it easier to process, but in case one of the shareholders ...
113 views

Elligator-2 against curves over Fq, q mod 4 = 3

It appears that the conditions for applicability of Elligator-2 against many of the SaveCurves curves, where $q \mod 4 = 3$ will inevitably poke a hole in the bit-string set over $(0, 1, .. (q-1)/2)$. ...
6k views

Simply put, what does “perfect secrecy” mean?

I would like to ask for a clear (but maybe not so deep) explanation of what the term "perfect secrecy" means. As far as I have researched and understood, it has to do with probabilities of assuming ...
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Is there any difference in adding the plain text and key vs using xor instead(apart from the performance improvements)?
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Should AES.decrypt(ct, wrong_key) return blank or wrong result?

I am trying to use AES as cipher for an application I am building. I am using a JavaScript library (https://code.google.com/p/crypto-js/) to perform encryption and decryption with AES. When I ...
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Strength of TripleDES (DESede) in Java (Sun JCE)?

I'm introducing Jasypt to a spring-boot project. The default algorithm for storing passwords with it is PBEWithMD5AndDES. Since I've got some reservations on using that cipher, I'm looking into ...
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SHA256 for large files

I have a hardware engine for SHA256 which can process 64K of data, but the input data size I am getting is around 1MB. What should I do to process 1MB size. What should be my input after 1st 64KB ...
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Determining if Server/Client's TLS configuration is Vulnerable to SLOTH

In the context of SSL/TLS protocol and SLOTH vulnerability. I want to find out if certain websites(webservers) or applications that use TLS are vulnerable. I need some guidance for this. My idea is ...
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Unable to understand hash function representations

I have some hash function representations, which I find it hard to understand. I have searched a lot but didn't found anything helpful. Please help me understand the hash function representations ...
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OTR AKE protocol implementations security

While looking at the different versions of OTR protocol I discovered a strange thing: there is no trace of the patch for the weaknesses that were noted in “Finite-State Security Analysis of OTR ...
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How to calculate unicity distance of Fleissner grille?

I need to calculate unicity distance of Fleissners grille of $M \times M$ size. All I know is that plaint text redundancy equals $2$. The alphabet is not specified. Is it possible to calculate its ...
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Symmetric encryption using RSA for random generated password

I'm fairly new to encryption, so I wanted to check the logic for a .net solution I'm working on that encrypts data between two parties. the receiving (decrypting) party will have an RSA key pair ...