# All Questions

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### How to find the keyword of the Playfair text knowing/not knowing the plaintext and having decrypted text?

I know how the Playfair cipher works. I would like to know how can I find the keyword of the play fair cipher in two cases: 1) knowing the plaintext 2) not knowing the plaintext? Some examples: <...
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### Is this a good choice of a digital signature scheme?

This is a concrete instantiation of Rabin-Williams signatures. Specifically: The private key is 2 primes $p, q$. The public key is their product $N = pq$ and is approximately 3072 bits long. the ...
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### How can a poor RNG impact security?

I have read this article and I do somehow "understand" that the reduction of entropy makes it easier to guess. But how exactly can the security be reduced by that? Can you give a concrete scenario, ...
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### What does 0…0 and 1…1 mean

I am very new to cryptography but can someone explain what exactly does 0...0 and 1...1 mean in general term. Is it that 1st and ...
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### Can a compressed checksum be considered unique

I'm kind of guessing that the answer may be no. Since the compression is trying to reduce the output size using various optimization methods, this may cancel the properties of a hash algorithm. But ...
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### XTS and 256-bit data blocks

I am developer of an application that uses XTS with ciphers which use 128-bit blocks (AES, Serpent and Twofish). I now want to use XTS with a cipher which uses 256-bit blocks (Shacal-2). AFAIK, I ...
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### Is the “New Hope” Lattice Key Exchange vulnerable to a lattice analog of the Bernstein BADA55 Attack?

In the paper, "Post Quantum Key Exhange - A New Hope," the authors present a lattice-based key exchange based on the work of Chris Peikert. In this "New Hope" key exchange the authors try to gain ...
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### Chosen Ciphertext Attack on the Public Key in PGP

In Secrets & Lies (2000), Schneier describes a chosen ciphertext attack on the public key under PGP: "Since RSA and ElGamal are malleable, known changes can be made to the symmetric key that ...
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### Correlation Immunity Of 4 bit S Box

I have a 4 bit S Box byte[] S = new byte[16] { 0x9, 0xE, 0x5, 0x6, 0xA, 0x2, 0x3, 0xC, 0xF, 0x0, 0x4, 0xD, 0x7, 0xB, 0x1, 0x8 }; How can i calculate Correlation ...
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### Which elliptic curves are quantum resistant? [closed]

If I want to learn about quantum resistant crytography what are the best resources? Which type of elliptic curves should I be studying?
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### Differential & linear characteristics for integer multiplication

What are the probabilities of differential & linear characteristics for the function that XORs the high and low bits from a $n \times n \rightarrow 2n$ bit multiplication? I remember reading ...
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### Can the attack in https://eprint.iacr.org/2008/469.pdf be parallelized?

Can this attack be parallelized? It is a $2^{57}$ complexity collision attack on SHA-1 based on disturbance vectors. If it is practical it is easy on a GPU ($\approx1.1$ GPU-days). If it is ...
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### How long should a HMAC cryptographic key be?

In the top answer to this question the answerer says 'with a sufficently long key'. I am using a SHA1-HMAC (may switch to SHA256-HMAC) algorithm to verify cookies sent to clients as authentication ...
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### Is ElGamal encryption still secure if the randomness is known to be even?

In ElGamal encryption $(g^r, g^mg^{kr})$, if the randomness $r$ is always chosen from even numbers, and the attacker knows about this, is it still provable secure?
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### How does Feistel cipher create diffusion between blocks?

From what I've read about Feistel ciphers, I can understand that within each block, there is both confusion and diffusion. But it is unclear to me how a Feistel cipher permutates among blocks of data. ...
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### Why are {0,1}-matrices almost-MDS only when n is 2, 3, or 4?

In this paper authors claim that {0,1}-matrices are almost-MDS (have branch number n - 1) on when n is 2, 3, or 4. For example, how can this two matrices have the same branch number? \begin{pmatrix}...
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### Election communication protocol

I'm not a cryptography expert, but this seems like it falls into this area. Imagine I want to design an election system (senate race for example) where I send the exact same ballot of 100 candidates ...
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### Creating ECDH using OpenSSL

For academic reasons, I'm playing around with OpennSSL 1.0.2g. I tested RSA encryption/decryption. I created key exchange with DHKE. But I'm struggling to find a way, to create ECDH, using only ...
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### Can an adversary distinguish a private key from a pseudo-random string of the same length?

Apologies if this is a dumb question but allow me to describe the dilemma I have: Suppose that I am protecting a private key on a device using a password & PBKDF2. The obvious attack would be an ...