# All Questions

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### Is the CONF key sharing Problem equivalent to discrete log problem?

If there a proof in the literature which says the CONF Problem is equivalent to solving the discrete log ? Let $g$ be a generator of a cyclic group $\mathbb{G}$ of prime order $q$ CONF problem: ...
115 views

### About using mistakes as part of a code

Could a code be developed where one uses intentional errors say in english, as a text to encode? For example someone might have a message 'Agent X must report to station 5'. This could be distorted ...
140 views

### Accelerated hashing on consumer-grade CPU?

Question is a follow-up to this one. The question was about accelerating SHA1. I am writing an application, where I do have a choice of hash algorithm, as long as it's a strong one. I want to be able ...
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### Undefined $E_y(1,r_{i,j,1})$ notation in cryptography paper, suspect ElGamal-like

I'm trying to understand a paper that uses the notation $E_y(1,r_{i,j,1})$ (full text available in link, used just once on Page #35, 6th page of pdf, Section 3.3, Step 1c) in the context of an ...
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### How do you test the security of your cipher? [closed]

I got asked this question and I didn't know what to answer. How do you test the security of your cipher? What comes to my mind now would be to test it with famous attacks: padding attacks, ...
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### Why must IV be sent with each packet?

I was reading about Encrypt-then-MAC and everywhere I go it seems people include the IV with the ciphertext generated for each message then MAC that and send all the information concatenated. Why do ...
2k views

### Why is Triple DES not vulnerable to meet in the middle attacks?

Consider the Triple DES encryption calculated as: $$C= E_{K_1}(D_{K_2}(E_{K_1}(P))).$$ For a chosen plaintext attack, given plaintext $P$, we compute the result of $D_{K_2}(E_{K_1}(P))$ and store ...
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### Can XEX or XTS modes be used with only one tweak?

XEX Mode (with two tweaks) is the following scheme: $X = E_{k}(I) \otimes \alpha^j \\ C = E_{K}(P \oplus X) \oplus X$ where $I$ and $j$ are both tweaks (sector number and block number respectively). ...
183 views

### Performance for Subbytes in AES

I´m implementing the AES-encrypt algorithm for the SSE2 instruction set. For the Subbyte function i use movzx, having loaded ...
562 views

### How do decryption algorithms determine whether your attempted passphrase is correct?

Judging by the algorithm on the Blowfish Wikipedia article, there is no way for the process to fail with an error. How then does GnuPG know when to tell you your password is correct when decrypting a ...
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### What cryptographic paradigm is appropriate for this use case?

This is a very newbie question... I have to quickly implement a solution for our application that works like this... We have a binary executable that is given a configuration file. I need to encrypt ...
757 views

### ECC public key encryption and authentication - ECIES with ECDSA vs ECDH with AES

I'm currently working on a project where I want to establish a secure and authenticated communication channel between to entities, using Elliptic Curve Cryptography. Now I'm not really sure how to ...
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### How to implement a Cryptographic Pseudo Random Function

I need three pseudo random functions which all take a seed S (t-bits long). The functions should map from $d$ bits to $d$ bits $d$ bits to $1$ bit $d$ bits to $t$ bits $d$ is $10$ bits $t$ is ...
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### How to argue to a paranoid that RSA is safe?

From today's standpoint, most people would claim RSA to be secure. However, to my knowledge, this is purely based on the speculation that no one knows a computational feasible way to find a $d$ for ...
222 views

### How can I validate my implementation of Ansi 9.19?

I implemented an Ansi 9.19 mac generator in java, but now I don't know how to validate its functionality. I couldn't find any sample of a {plain text,key,mac} on the internet, and I want to know if ...
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### Diffie Hellman Key Exchange (Finding # of bits/digits of secret key)

As we know that in DH key exchange, both Alice and Bob would agree on the parameter $p$ and $g$. Next, Alice would choose a secret key $A$ while Bob would choose a secret key $B$. Alice would compute ...
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### x509 CA trust question

I'm trying to understand the logic of CAs, trust and client certificates. I have a general understanding but am having a tough time bridging some gaps. In a hypothetical situation a software system ...
5k views

### What is the MD5 collision with the smallest input values?

I am interested in MD5 collisions for small input messages. The collision examples given at http://www.mscs.dal.ca/~selinger/md5collision/ show two different strings, where only a tiny amount of data ...
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### Can I make a PRNG that is secure even when state can be modified by user?

I am interested in making a PRNG which, after being initially seeded, can accept and incorporate client data as the only ongoing source of "entropy". It is not directly for a cryptographic purpose, ...
446 views

### Is pairing based cryptography ready for productive use?

I'm currently testing one among those many interesting cryptographic protocols based on bilinear maps. It's quite hard to understand the underlying fundamentals, especially since there are several ...
1k views

### Pseudocode for constant time modular exponentiation

I'm looking to implement modular exponentiation (for RSA) in constant time, but most of the examples I've found are more mathematical descriptions of the operations. Are there any references with ...
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Two or three years ago, I was reading something interesting, but then I lost the paper. The paper described building secure and fast P2P networks (not like tor or I2P). Unfortunately, I only remember ...
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### Zero-knowledge proof of a product

I have non-negative integers $x,y,z$. I'm going to give you commitments $C(x),C(y),C(z)$ to them. Then, I would like to prove in zero knowledge that $xy=z$. I can choose the commitment scheme to ...
179 views

### Are the RFC3526 MODP groups Schnorr groups?

I was wondering if a group like the 1536-bit MODP Group from RFC 3526 was a Schnorr group? A Schnorr group must apparently have: $p$ and $q$ being primes $p = q\cdot r+1$ $1 < h < p$ ...
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### Is the product of two primes only factorisable by those two primes? [closed]

The question is as per the subject line. Does the fundamental theorem of arithmetic imply (prove?) that if I multiply two primes, then those two primes are the only factors of the product? I.e. 17 x ...
322 views

### FHE over the Integers - reduction to approximate gcd problem

I have three quick questions concerning the reduction of the scheme to the approximate gcd problem: What exactly do the authors mean by $q_p(z_1')$ being the odd part of the gcd? (last line of step ...
199 views

### Can Skein be used as a secure MAC in format H(k || m)?

Can Skein be used as a secure MAC in format H(k || m)? I understand it can work with HMAC, but it is fine as a one-pass MAC in the format above and resists length extension attacks. Is this ...
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### Why does knowing the number of points on a curve help solve ECCDLP?

Perhaps, this is a really obvious question, but I am still having trouble understanding how this all fits together. Why is knowing the number of points on an Elliptic Curve helpful in cracking it? ...
650 views

### DES with actual 7 byte key

Do we have any library or any mechanism where we can use true 7 byte key for DES instead of 8 byte key. I need it for keys analysis in DES and 8 byte key requirement for associated library is creating ...
188 views

### Pairings in Identity-based encryption vs. Attribute-based encryption

The bilinear map in Identity-based encryption should satisfy $e(aP,bQ)=e(P,Q)^{a\cdot b}$ whereas Attribute-based encryption schemes use $e(P^a,Q^a)=e(P,Q)^{a\cdot b}$ with $a,b\in\mathbb{Z}_p$ and ...
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### difference between leveled FHE and normal FHE scheme

What is/are difference/s between leveled Fully Homomorphic Encryption and normal Fully Homomorphic Encryption?
109 views

### Timestamping using a hashed linked list and public known events

Let's say we have a timestamping scheme of the following characteristics, The hashes of the documents we are trying to timestamp are XOR'ed with "events" whose time of occurrence are very publicly ...
432 views

### Abstract algebra in cryptography [closed]

I have taken a course in my undergraduate on the theory part of abstract algebra.Now am interested to know how can abstract algebra be applied to cryptography.Thanks
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Pls I need explanation on How i can design a Cryptography that use multiple passwords or passphrase to open a safe(Lock). For example, if i need five people to unlock a secured device whereby all the ...
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### Do I need two keys for AES CBC and HMAC or can I use the same key for both operations?

I am setting up a Python program to encipher messages on the following basis: -from my password, generate 32-byte key from SHA256(password) -generate a 16-byte IV from a PRNG -measure the length of ...
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### How secure would HMAC-SHA3 be?

It would be possible to implement the HMAC construction with (draft) SHA-3, leading to HMAC-SHA3-224, HMAC-SHA3-256, HMAC-SHA3-384, HMAC-SHA3-512 (the last 3 digits are the output size $\ell$, where ...
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### Can we parallelize the Feistel Networks?

Classic Feistel Networks and various types of FN's are sequential in nature. [1]has a good overview of different types. But is there a way we can do Feistel Networks in parallel and achieve good ...
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### How can I decode a Hill Cipher without a key? [duplicate]

On my exam, we had to solve this problem: message matrix is: [20, 19, 14; 17, 0 10] and the ciphertext matrix is: ...
166 views

### What's the entropy of the output for Tiger Encryption?

I'm tasked to apply tiger encryption to my string(key). Does anyone have any idea how to find the entropy of the hex output by tiger encryption?
273 views

### Generalize the Merkle–Damgård construction for any compression function

I am trying to figure out this question: Generalize the Merkle–Damgård construction for any compression func­tion that compresses by at least one bit . You should refer to a general input ...

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