# All Questions

132 views

### Hardware Implementation of Pairing over BN curves

I am in the middle of FPGA based Hardware architecture design for the computation of Pairing (particularly R-ate Pairing) over BN curves. Where, the point addition, and point doubling should be ...
211 views

### Is HMAC-SHA-1 secure?

Although SHA-1 theoretically has collisions, HMAC-SHA-1 which is based on SHA-1 is still widely used (in TLS for example) and is considered to be secure. How is that possible?
81 views

### Verification of signed message with encryption

I have a question about the message that is being encrypted and signed. Say, two users called Tom and Mary, both have a pair of private key and public key. Tom sends a message through a system that ...
125 views

### Help deciphering caesar cipher [closed]

I have to to find the shift value and the message for the following caesar cipher. OC_VAWDGPM_VHWTVX_VXJOCVZ_GDX_MWO_VWIZVYGWIZ_NODI_ I have already tried it and with the shift value of 21 i get the ...
98 views

### Streaming mode of operation that is more resistant against nonce reuse

Is it possible to create a streaming mode of operation where the reuse of a nonce does not destroy confidentiality? In this question it would be allowed for the streaming mode to leak if ciphertexts ...
163 views

### Format of NONCE in Initialization Vector (IV)

When we talk about a Number used ONCE (NONCE) in Initialization Vector (IV), is it required to use numbers only? Is is possible to use letters or special characters?
5k views

### How does one implement the Inverse of AES' MixColumns

I got an answer in the related question about Mixcolumn for encryption, but how about decryption? what will I do? Because it said that I will used this: During decryption the Mix Column the ...
418 views

### RSA Blind Signature Attack

In Information Security Class I learned a non-adaptive chosen ciphertext attack using "blinding" but I just can't follow the proof and therefore can't reconstruct it. From what I've found out, it ...
221 views

### How many degrees of freedom up my sleeve?

Now that we know how the MD2 S-box was constructed, I find myself wondering how good a nothing up my sleeve number it really is. It is derived from $\pi$, but not in a very obvious way, even in ...
137 views

### Discovering private exponent from public key

I'm going to assume this isn't possible, but I have to ask because I'm trying to fundamentally understand what I've thus far been trying to implement by following an RFC. SRP-6a starts off with ...
12k views

### AES256-CBC vs AES256-CTR in SSH [duplicate]

I used AES256-CBC to SSH to a remote server. Recently, it stopped working with the following message: ...
94 views

### Diffie-Hellman when $p$ and $g$ are pre-agreed and hidden from Eve

During a regular Diffie–Hellman public key exchange, Alice and Bob agree to use a prime number $p$ and a base $g$… which are both made public and are therefore also assumed to be known by Eve. Alice ...
290 views

### Recover from compromised shares with Shamir Secret Sharing

He is a quote from Wikipedia page for Secret Sharing: If the players store their shares on insecure computer servers, an attacker could crack in and steal the shares. If it is not practical to ...
2k views

### Is there any strong enough pen-and-paper or mind cipher?

Some ciphers are talked about at “Is there a secure cryptosystem that can be performed mentally?”, but (at the time of writing) I don't see an answer. Are they strong enough, or are non-computer ...
590 views

### CMAC vs HMAC security strength

From the perspective of a Birthday Paradox attack, isn't it true that CMAC based on AES-128 is weaker than HMAC-SHA-1? The attack on CMAC-AES-128 requires about $2^{64}$ operations whereas the same ...
209 views

### Building a stream-cipher out of a hash function?

I've already read this: Is it feasible to build a stream cipher from a cryptographic hash function? However, my proposed construction differs… Suppose the hash generates N bits. These bits are split ...
2k views

### How does Truecrypt change password without the need for a complete re-encryption of volume

From what I understand: TrueCrypt takes the password as message Add salt calculates a digest use digest for encryption From what I understand. A good hash function has Second pre-image ...
922 views

### Converting Ed25519 public key to a Curve25519 public key

I understand that: $$x_{montgomery} = \frac{1 + y_{edwards}}{1 - y_{edwards}}$$ Using the libsodium ed25519 implementation, I have tried to write the following: ...
172 views

### RSA, finding p,q [duplicate]

If the public key $(e,n)$ and the private key $(d,n)$ are known, what is the easiest way to find the primes $p$ and $q$? When $n$ and $\phi(n)$ are given this is easy to solve. But I can't manage it ...
708 views

### ABC Conjecture's Impact on RSA Encryption

A recent proof of the ABC Conjecture has been released by one Shinichi Mochizuki. Now, I'm not well versed in mathematics but it would appear that this proof implies that finding prime factors could ...
144 views

### Is it insecure to encrypt the wrong plaintext?

Most plaintext must be fed as a string or a binary object to be encrypted. However, it's often possible to mis-decode the plaintext before encrypting it. i.e. If it's received as a string in JSON, ...
915 views

### Is there any semantic difference between predicate encryption and functional encryption?

Predicate encryption(PE) arrived as a descendant of attribute based encryption. Attribute based encryption allows the encryptor to embody a policy to the ciphertext (Ciphertext-Policy based ...
591 views

### Can we ensure the security of a crypto-algorithm and -implementaton against acoustic cryptanalysis?

Like people always say: “Attacks only get worse…” — which is why I'm asking early. I have been reading the paper “RSA Key Extraction via Low-Bandwidth Acoustic Cryptanalysis” published December 18, ...
67 views

### Algebraic Normal Form Piccolo [closed]

I'm trying to verify the claim of paper Improved Algebraic Fault Analysis: A Case Study on Piccolo and with Applications to other Lightweight Block Ciphers about the numbers of equations in algebraic ...
923 views

### How exactly does key whitening manage to increase security?

Wikipedia states that key whitening increases security: In cryptography, key whitening is a technique intended to increase the security of an iterated block cipher. It consists of steps that ...
167 views

### A way around digital signatures?

Scenario: I have to protect the integrity of some files that will be exchanged between entities $A$, $B$, $C$. Entity $A$ creates the file (e.g. configuration) and sends it to $B$ and $C$. Entities ...
593 views

### What characters are valid in PGP encrypted and signed messages?

What characters may be present in a PGP encrypted message or a PGP signature? For example, do encrypted messages only use the Roman alphabet + some numbers and symbols? Can the character set be ...
324 views

### How can I control the output of a hash function to output to specific data according to similarity?

I do not know if the question lies exactly in that field but I'll give it a try unless rejection. I want to study methods of applying LSH functions to feet in a specific area of digest values. ...
206 views

### Regain 3DES ECB key, assuming I have both encrypted and decrypted text

Let's assume I've encrypted some text with some 24-byte key using 3DES in ECB mode. Is it possible to regain the key if I have both encrypted and decrypted text? (Excluding bruteforce.)
278 views

### What is Perceptual Encryption?

What is "Perceptual Encryption", and where do we use it? I came across it whilst reading a paper on ECC in a multimedia context, from which I quote: Hence, to achieve perceptual encryption, the ...
80 views

### Homogenous and heterogeneous Unbalanced Feistel Networks

Unbalanced Feistel networks can be homogenous (F-function identical in each round), or they can be heterogeneous (F-function not always identical in each round). The advantage of heterogeneous UFNs ...
877 views

### Does AES specify error messages when using the wrong password to decrypt?

I am writing a small program which uses AES. In testing it with wrong passwords, I get error prompts from Microsoft C# component saying "the padding is bad"; whereas I expect wrongly decoded texts. Do ...
112 views

### How to only encrypt a subset of the plaintext

I was wondering if there is a smart way for a user to only encrypt a subset of a plaintext. I'll try to be more specific. Let's suppose the user U wants to use a special cipher such that given a ...
334 views

I have thought of a system for generating passwords which works as follows: Take the following items: A password, such as williamwallace. A secret 1000 digit ...
1k views

### ECDSA with SHA256 and sepc192r1 curve: Impossible, or how to calculate $e$?

I need to use ECDSA as the signing algorithm and SHA256 for hashing the message. I'm running into troubles verifying the signature calculated on two different platform (one is BouncyCastle, another ...
645 views

### PRF and hash functions

Is there a difference between PRF and a hash function? For example: Creation of a secret key is using PRF and creating a secret key is using hash function.
360 views

### Should HMAC or NMAC or plain Keccak be used for a secure MAC?

After some digging around in the HMAC spec I found this (paraphrased): Step 1: If the length of Key equals the block size of the hash function (512 bits/64 Bytes for SHA-256), set the key equal ...
146 views

### Public key in fully homomorphic encryption over the integers

I'm reading “Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Integers” by van Dijk et al. I wonder why $x_0$, which is a component of the public key, should be an odd number?
122 views

### Computing youngest person among 3 while keeping ages private

I already found a protocol to find out who is richer (older) between two parties, but Is there any protocol to find the youngest person among 3 parties, without revealing actual ages?
86 views

### Where can I find source code of a compiler that secures a circuit (or attemps to)? [closed]

In the paper “Multiparty Computation Secure Against Continual Memory Leakage”, on page 1239 under section “Using an LDS Compiler Instead of OCL Compiler”, the authors discuss why they decided to use ...
131 views

### Secure MultiParty Computation with secret inputs for secret outputs

I want to know if it’s possible to use a SMPC (Secure Multi-Party Computation) to have $N$ entities compute the outcome of a known mathematical operation with two or more secret inputs, where each ...
974 views

### Can curve25519 keys be used with ed25519 keys?

Can curve25519 keys be used with ed25519? I'd prefer to use ed25519, but there isn't a fast java version. For my application, I'd like to use curve25519 until I can get a faster ed25519 for java. ...
351 views

### Revealing random bit permutation

I am new in cryptography. I want to determine the complexity of revealing a random bit permutation which is used as block cipher for plaintexts (bitstrings of length n). An adversary catches different ...
80 views

### Size of Fresh Ciphertext's Noise in FHE over the integers

I'm studying FHE over the Integer which is https://eprint.iacr.org/2009/616.pdf In the remark 3.4, it says that the fresh ciphertexts have noise at most $2^{\rho'+2}$. I don't know why that ...
60 views

### References and resources for learning to implement crypt. algorithms? [closed]

I wanted to learn about cryptography so they recommended me some of the books of Bruce Schneier. I'm now reading Cryptography Engineering and planning to follow with this one ...
69 views

### where to keep the AES keystream?

I am trying to implement an AES encryption on my messages in my app and I want to have a different keystream for each "message group". Therefore, currently I am holding the keystreams in the database ...
104 views

I am working on AES. Can we expand $s(a \oplus b)$ in terms of $s(a)$ and $s(b)$ where $a$ and $b$ are two eight bit inputs and $s(a)$ is the S-box value of $a$?
3k views

### What is the difference between Scrypt and PBKDF2?

After reading these two resources I am wondering am I getting all the differences between Scrypt and PBKDF2. As far as I understood, the similarity is: both are password-based key derivation ...
First of all, I apologize if this is a stupid question, but I don't have any background in cryptography. I'm looking for a secure hash algorithm $H$ with the property \$H(K_1+n)\oplus ...