# All Questions

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### Knowing N and a relationship between the 2 prime numbers(p and q) find p and q generated with RSA

Let there be $p$ and $q$, 2 prime numbers for which the following relationship is true: $|p-q| < 2 \cdot N^{1/4}$. The algorithm first generates the prime number $p$, then it generates $q$ close ...
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### Integrity compromised - HASH modified

As we are all aware that HASHing is user to verify integrity in cryptography. I have a query about hashing. Suppose a man in the middle attacker manipulates the data and creates new HASH (by running ...
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### Multiple AES/ECB encryptions of different data with same key all end with same pattern

We have used "AES/ECB/PKCS5Padding" with a 256 bit key. We encrypt different streams of data (blockwise) with the same key. Each encrypted stream ends with same pattern. What is the reason for this?
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### Is authentication length always a subset of encryption length?

Do in all the use cases, if I have to encrypt and authenticate, encrypt-then-authenticate or authenticate-then-encrypt, like in IPSEC, SSL or SSH or others, if I were to do these operations to a ...
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### Vigenère, auto-correlation vs Kasiski examination

What are the differences between 'Kasiski examination' and 'auto-correlation' ? In Cryptool site, they state that autocorrelation analysis is more efficient and clearer than the Friedman or Kasiski ...
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### Weaker alternative to Ed25519?

For me, the main advantages of Ed25519 are that it avoids patents (by computing in one dimension) and that it is fast. However, the 128bit security of Ed25519 is sometimes too strong to comply with ...
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### Value of S and r in Fiat-Shamir Protocol

In the book Cryptography and Network Security by Forouzan,in chapter 14, Fiat-Shamir protocol, its mentioned that two large prime numbers p and q are chosen and kept secret. However n=p*q is made ...
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### RFID Protocol Cryptanalysis

Assume we have the following scheme for RFID: TAG & READER both have initially k keys. Every session the TAG computes $k_i$=F($k_{i-1})$ where F is a function which computes XOR of previous key ...
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### Errata for NIST SP 800-63

I'm looking through the latest version of NIST SP 800-63, and there is a table (Table A.1) in the Appendix that supposed give the "entropy" of a password for a 94 character alphabet for various ...
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### Benefit of using random key in Shamir's Secret Sharing

I am implementing Shamir's Secret Sharing, and I find that in (t,n)-threshold scheme, the shares are just using 1,2,3...,n as the key to form the shares ...
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### SSL / TLS digital signature exchange

If server is sending its digital signature, in which message / where does the digitally signature is provided to the client. Is it after the server_hello message because there the public key of the ...
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### Meaning of Signature hash algorithm field in certificate

I'd like to understand what is the meaning of this field, especially considering that when calling a crypto library to sign data the digest method is specified by the caller. For example, this simple ...
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### Rationale of “r” AES key use in OTR version 3 AKE protocol?

I just tried to review & understand AKE (Authenticated Key Exchange) protocol as defined in OTR secure messaging protocol version 3 here , and aiming to achieve Perfect Forward Secrecy I am a ...
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### How does the Blowfish algorithm key initialization work

I'm having some trouble understanding the Blowfish encryption algorithm. From the Wikipedia article... The secret key is then, byte by byte, cycling the key if necessary, XORed with all the P-...
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### Standards/RFCs for non-Diffie-Hellman perfect forward secrecy?

Some time has passed since PFS introduction and we now have secure&proven asymmetric ciphers that can generate strong keys very efficiently (elliptic RSA variants and/or QD-Mceliece can generate ...
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### Secure ElGamal with OAEP

Is it possible to make ElGamal IND-CCA2 using OAEP or OAEP+? (OAEP+ from: "OAEP Reconsiderd" by Shoup) The reason I ask is that I recently answered this question and it came to my mind that OAEP or ...
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### AES-XTS: find key from ciphertext and plaintext [duplicate]

Let's say I have a plaintext, the corresponding ciphertext encrypted using AES-XTS, and the initialization vectors. Is there any way - not brute force, of course - to compute the key? Even if there's ...
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### Prove there is PRG that is not necessarily one-to-one

We assume that there is at least one PRG .Now prove there is a PRG like $G:\{0,1\}^{n} \rightarrow \{0,1\}^{l(n)}$ such that it is not necessarily one-to-one.
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### CTR_DRBG versus OFB_DRBG

As far as I know, in the development of ANSI X9.82, there was consideration of OFB_DRBG, a pseudorandom number generator based on block ciphers like CTR_DRBG, but it appears to have been rejected of ...
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### Looking for C++/Python Open Source code library for cryptanalysis of classical ciphers [closed]

I've done a significant amount of coding over the years working on classical ciphers (e.g., Chaocipher, D'Agapeyeff). My main programming languages today are C++ and Python, although there was a time ...