# All Questions

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### Applying differential cryptanalysis to ciphers with addition mod $2^{32}$

I am studying differential analysis and have a question. Consider the following simple cipher: $$c_1 = S(m_1 \oplus k_1) \oplus k_2$$ (Plaintext $m_1$ xor with key $K_1$, then result goes into an ...
205 views

### hill cipher encryption way 1x3 plaintext matrix

Can someone help me with a Hill cipher? When do I have to use: 1x3 plain text matrix (p1, p2, p3) * 3x3 key matrix 3x3 key matrix * 3x1 plain text matrix Or they are both correct? I tried to ...
127 views

### Is it possible to decrypt an RSA ciphertext with only $N$ and $e$?

Is it possible to perform RSA decryption if one only knows $N$ and $e$? Failing that, what is the maximum key length where brute-force is still practically feasible?
106 views

### How does the length of the plaintext affect the cipher strength?

Let the block length 64-bit, 256-bit key, cipher text accordingly - 64 bits. What is the strength of the block cipher, if any unknown attacks, which could reduce its strength. We can only brute force. ...
229 views

### Is the following symmetric design secure?

Assume: $O$ be a reversible random permutation oracle on a finite set and $O^{-1}$ the inverse permutation (pretty much equivalent to a random permutation: What is the difference between a bijective ...
162 views

### Merkle Tree High Tree

I'm reading Merkle tree signatures and I like know if the security of the that scheme depends, also, of the high of the tree or only depends that hash function is resistant to collision?
711 views

### When using Curve25519, why does the private key always have a fixed bit at 2^254?

When using Curve25519, the private key always seems to have a fixed bit set at position 2^254. Why is that? Is there any good reason to use a fixed positioned most-significant-bit in the private key? ...
229 views

### How to prove this LFSR equation?

I am having difficulty solving part (ii) of Excercise 5.17 from Becker's Cipher Systems. Exercise 5.17 $\quad$If $f(x),g(x)$ are any two polynomials over $GF(2)$ with $f(0)=g(0)=1$ show that ...
405 views

### How can I implement the elliptic curve MOV attack myself?

I understand and have implemented elliptic curve signatures in Python without the use of libraries like Sage, and would like to implement the MOV attack against certain weak types of elliptic curves. ...
155 views

### Secure function evaluation

Consider 3 parties, Alice, Bob and Charlie. Suppose each party has a bit as input, i.e. Alice, Bob and Charlie hold $a, b, c \in \{0, 1\}$ respectively. Show how construct a scheme with which ...
78 views

### hybrid PKE scheme CCA2 insecurity

I'm reading a paper here say: As we know, in hybrid PKE schemes XOR alone cannot perfectly hide challenge bit to the CCA2 adversary The author does not define hybrid PKE schemes. What is ...
135 views

### Perfect secrecy over Stirling numbers

For all $c_0\leftarrow m_0 \oplus k$ there exists a $k'$ such that $c_1 \leftarrow m_1 \oplus k'$, where $m_0 \neq m_1$ and $c_0 = c_1$. Assuming a truly random $k$, the first assignment is a ...
711 views

### Why does the crypto_box functionality in NaCl library exposes the nonce to the programmer

The idea of crypto_box API in NaCl library is to shield the programmer away from the technical details and provide an easy to use functions for encrypting and encrypting messages. Given what I've ...
529 views

### Is CBC mode encryption vulnerable to a reordering attack?

I know that, if CBC-MAC is used in such a way that the tag is the concatenation of all the blocks' outputs (and not just the last one), it's insecure under CPA for the simplest case of 2 blocks ...
80 views

### Is the following aggregation scheme private?

Is the following scheme private? By private i mean an untrusted aggregator (UA) cannot reveal anything other then an aggregate function output on plaintext data Each party holds a secret key $k_i$ ...
117 views

### Difference between computational and statistical indistinguishabilities

What is the difference between the two notions of computational and statistical indistinguishability?
472 views

### A key-derivation function that is as strong as the stronger of PBKDF2 and scrypt

I want a key stretching system that's as strong as the stronger of scrypt and PBKDF2. The consensus now is that scrypt is by far the better system, but that might change if in the future, a weakness ...
75 views

### Why send a challenge with CHAP?

I have been reading about the Challenge-Handshake authentication Protocol (aka CHAP). Why send a challenge to the user and ask them to hash that challenge with the symmetric key and send that hash ...
279 views

### Why not just generate random strings for one-time password (OTP)?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-time_password#How_OTPs_are_generated_and_distributed Why have so many methods to generate OTPs, why not just use just random strings?
111 views

### Can we build authenticated encryption using Feistel Networks?

Most of the encryption modes of Feistel Networks especially the ones used to build fixed length block ciphers just provide confidentiality . Can we build authenticated encryption using Feistel ...
131 views

### Efficient parameters for group Diffie-Hellman

I want to implement a basic version of Diffie-Hellman key agreement for groups. So, my key is $K=g^{abc} \mod p$. Following this, the parameters I would need to transfer would be $K_a = g^{bc}$ etc. ...
99 views

### Biometric authentication [closed]

I see in some “Authentication schemes with biometric” papers that those authors wrote a phase as password and biometric update phase. My question is that why we may needs biometric update phase? Is ...
94 views

### What is the difference between a one-shot MPC protocol and a unbounded invocation of multiple MPC protocols?

In this paper on pg. 1236, under the section "Security Against Continual Leakage", the authors say: "We further remark that the weaker security notion previously achieved cannot be extended ...
245 views

### Bellovin 96' attack on IPsec ESP protocol on encryption only option

Can you explain the actual attack? Why does the attacker need to firstly send some arbitrary UDP packet? How can the attacker break the privacy between A and B? Link: The article of Bellovin I'm ...
247 views

### Why can we always assume that $Gen$ algorithm choose key uniformly?

Talking about a (symmetric) encryption scheme $\Pi=(Gen,Enc,Dec)$ where $Gen$ take the security parameter $n$ as input and generates a key $k$ of length $n$. Generally speaking we say that $Gen$ ...
537 views

### what is the state of the art algorithm to encrypt credit card data

We have a business requirement to keep credit card data. What is today's (Nov 2013) state of the art algorithm to encrypt credit card data that will be saved on disk? Additionally, I'd appreciate ...
546 views

### Elliptic Curve Encryption Ciphertext Size

I'd like to know how much bigger is the ciphertext when encrypting a message using ECC encrytpion? ECIES (or ElGamal)
62 views

### order between adversaries and type of resources given

We have a game $G0$ for which an adversary $A$ has access to a certain amount of ressources. Let us suppose that the maximum advantage for the adversary to win this game is $Adv_{G0}$. If we modify ...
107 views

### Could MITM securely identify identity?

Consider protocol like QUIC or MinimaLT which are essentially layer4 replacement for TCP/UDP (riding on top of UDP currently because of fear of random firewalls dropping new L4 protocol). From crypto ...
259 views

### Any real world implementation using message recovery?

During my master thesis I came across RSA-PSS-R which is in my opinion a quite elegant way of saving bandwidth and space using digital signature. But I didn't find any information about any real world ...
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274 views

### Blinding twice in RSA

I understand that if you have a message $m$, you can blind it by selecting a random $r$ and then multiplying $r^e\times m \pmod{n}$ Someone else then signs it with $d$, raising to the power of $d$: ...
82 views

### Why do the outputs of parties in an MPC protocol have to be indistinguishable from the ideal / real world (as opposed to inputs)?

In this paper at the bottom of pg. 1235 and beginning of pg. 1236 it says: An MPC protocol is said to be secure, if for every real world leakage adversary A there exists an ideal world ...
841 views

### Has threefish successfully been attacked (practically or theoretically)?

Reading Schneier's "The Doghouse: Crypteto" dated September 30, 2009, I noticed Bruce Schneier stating: Threefish, the block cipher inside Skein, encrypts data at 7.6 clock cycles/byte with a ...
134 views

### Why have 4th and 5th steps in Needham-Schroeder Protocol?

Why have 4th and 5th steps in Needham-Schroeder Protocol? It is said "These steps assure B that the original message it received (step 3) was not a replay.". But what is a replay here? And I don't ...
168 views

### Why routers don't just use Diffie-Hellman protocol?

Routers could just use Diffie-Hellman protocol with any computer who tries to connect to that router. Then it would be impossible to eavesdrop for anyone. Only router and computer would know the ...
2k views

### What happens when a root CA has its private key compromised?

What happens when a root CA has its private key compromised? Then all children in the tree are compromised too? And then all certificates are compromised? What needs to happen then? Related: - How ...
192 views

### I've got my private key compromised. How does CRL work?

How does certificate revocation list (CRL) work? How can I send a request to the CA to add my current private key to the CRL, so no one except me can add my certificate to the CRL? Related: - How can ...
327 views

### How can we get CA's public key?

To get a public key of some organization or someone we want to send an encrypted message to, we need to make a request to CA asking that organization's public key. CA then returns X509 certificate. It ...
1k views

### Homomorphic (encrypted) comparison to an integer

When working with an additive homomorphic encryption scheme (say Pallier's), is there an efficient way to get the encrypted value of a comparison test to an integer value (I realise that an ...
544 views

### How should we interpret the cryptanalysis results of SIMON and SPECK?

The NSA recently released SIMON and SPECK light weight block ciphers. Although initial spec release did not have much of cryptanalysis details, two works later appeared providing the cryptanalysis for ...
372 views

### Is there a proof for showing any cryptogram is crackable?

I commonly hear statements along the lines of "all cryptograms are crackable - it's only a matter of time". Is there a proof to show that any cryptogram is "crackable"? The proof may be of a more ...
266 views

### modfied man in the middle attack diffie hellman

I have been given a problem in preparation for my cryptography final that I'm not sure how to solve. It asks me to suppose a scenario where instead of where an attacker would intercept some message ...
908 views

### Determine the Key given ciphertexts and plaintexts?

Given two sets of plaintexts and their corresponding ciphertexts, how does one determine the key $K$? The ciphertexts are: $$C_1= (P_1 \oplus K_0) + K_1$$ and $$C_2= (P_2 \oplus K_0) + K_1$$ \$K = ...
262 views

### Is there a cryptographic hash function that can be performed with pencil and paper?

Imagine I'm signing up for the 99th new web site this month. I somehow take my secret key (which I have written down on a card in my wallet) and the domain name of the site and feed them both into ...
110 views

### MD5 theoretical question

Ok, so this is a very possible stupid question, but one of those things that has sat at the back of my mind for a while. We all know that MD5 has issues, and these have been known for about a decade. ...
118 views

### SHA-1 Keyed Hash Function

I know that SHA-1 is an unkeyed cryptographic hash function when used in practice. But, in the theory, all hash function are defined with keys. My question is: How I will be able to formalize the ...