# All Questions

294 views

### Discrete Logarithm (512 bits numbers) - Find exponent parameter

I'm trying to resolve a discrete logarithm equation: $$y = g^x \bmod p$$ Every parameter is a 512-bit number. I know the values for $g$, $y$ and $p$ and I need to find the $x$ value. Finally, I know ...
1k views

### What prime lengths are used for RSA?

Let's assume we have an RSA 2048 that was produced by two primes multiplication. What is the digit's difference in those 2 factors? For example one prime is 1024 digits and second one 1024 or, one is ...
2k views

### Why elgamal is still discussed

As I understand, if two users have a shared key, it is possible to encrypt a message using symmetric key encryption. So when a secret key is shared through Diffie-Hellman asymmetric key exchange, it ...
349 views

### Attack for RSA 1024 bit with Low Public Exponent

I am facing a challenge at university. Our teacher give us the challenge to try to break an RSA 1024 bit. We have public modulus N and public exponent e (0x03), we don't know the padding. We have a ...
97 views

### Why is the re-encryption algorithm in Universal Re-encryption for Mixnets more complicated than apparently necessary?

This is the paper. On page 6, the paper describes a variant of El Gamal and a way of re-encrypting ciphertexts. I thought an easier way to do encryption is to output $(m(g^x)^y,g^y)$, and universal ...
298 views

### what are the most common stream ciphers algorithms? [closed]

say that we have an unknown stream cipher which output bytes and which have more than 10 years of existence. What can be the most probable algorithms if we consider the most 'populars' stream cipher ...
102 views

### Are pseudorandom permutation really permutation in mathematical sense?

In security, and specifically Block Cipher (AES, DES, etc), when we talk about pseudo random permutations, is the term "permutation" refer to the same meaning as in discrete mathematics. That is, the ...
73 views

### On Proving That a Primitive Does Not Exist

In the paper of Hsiao and Reyzin, Section $1.4$: Note that to show that no general reduction from $P$ to $Q$ exists requires proving that $Q$ does not exist Since the statement is about trying ...
5k views

### How are timestamps verified?

You put an input and the hash value comes as an output then when someone puts the input the hash function it is applied to see if it is the same hash original value is stored in some database , that ...
175 views

### Generating PGP key *without* random generator? (using fixed input only)

I understand why in general, a strong random generator or source of entropy is used when generating PGP keys. However, I have a use case where I want to generate PGP keys deterministically, i.e. ...
179 views

### Does the One Time Pad rely on confusion or diffusion?

From what I could research, XORing a random key adds confusion. But I do not undertand the rationale for that classification. Shannon's confusion is supposed to obscure the relationship between the ...
642 views

### RSA with probable primes

I am a bit of a newbie to RSA encryption, so please be patient. I understand that for a 4096 bit RSA, the numbers p and q should be prime. And to have the best security, the p and q should both be ...
709 views

### Proofs of collision resistance by reduction

I'm looking for examples of a proof by reduction. For example: Let $A=(Gen, H)$ be a hash function. We define a new Hash function $A'=(Gen',H')$ with $Gen=Gen'$ by $H'_s(x)=H_s(H_s(x))$. It ...
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### What is the danger if a non-prime is chosen for RSA? [duplicate]

I was reading this question about generating primes for RSA keys. The answers point out that most implementations of of the algorithm use probabilistic prime-ness checking algorithms. The answer by @...
850 views

### ECC vs RSA: how to compare key sizes?

I know and I have understood the details of RSA, elliptic curve cryptography, (EC)DH and (EC)DSA. I keep reading everywhere that (if we don't consider non-deterministic computers) "ECC can achieve ...
168 views

### Calculate the security of a cascade cipher

I’m reading “The Security of Multiple Encryption in the Ideal Cipher Model” and I’m having a hard time understanding something. How do I calculate the bounds of cascade cipher from the following ...
269 views

### Is 256 a reasonable length for a Diffie-Hellman safe prime?

There's a program that uses the following OpenSSL function... DH_generate_parameters(256, 5, NULL, NULL) ...to create DH parameters which are later used for ...
728 views

### Which symmetric cipher is best for studying? [closed]

I would like to study a modern symmetric cipher (I have never studied a cipher before) and I was wondering which would be the best cipher for studying purposes of the following: AES (Rijndael), ...
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106 views

### Hash “Preimage by product” resistance

Let H() be a hash function that achieves collision resistance as well as first and second preimage resistance. Let's equip the output set of H of a multiplicative group structure, more precisely a ...
339 views

### Is the reduction from left-or-right IND-CPA to real-or-random IND-CPA tight?

A modern trend in cryptography consists of defining security as rigorously as possible, and then designing schemes which are secure according to those definitions. Proving security comes in the form ...
80 views

### Is there a strong cryptographic reason for GCM's 2^39 - 256 bit limit? [duplicate]

In reading through the original GCM specification (McGrew & Viega '05), the composition of the 128 bit Initialization Vector as a concatenation of a 96b nonce and a 32b unsigned wrapping counter ...
110 views

### Is there any serious discussion about using blinding intermediaries in digital currency scenarios?

A digital currency system like Lucre (OpenTransaction) creates a coin by a mint blind signing the output of a hash function, which the payer then unblinds and pairs with the input to the has function. ...
1k views

### What is “Blinding” used for in cryptography?

What does "blinding" mean in cryptography, and where do we usually use it? Can you describe a sample implementation?
115 views

### RSA Key Blinding

I was looking the answer to the following question (Timing attack on modular exponentiation), discussing the Private Key Blinding as a countermeasure for timing attacks. Therefore I'm asking if ...