# All Questions

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### On Proving That a Primitive Does Not Exist

In the paper of Hsiao and Reyzin, Section $1.4$: Note that to show that no general reduction from $P$ to $Q$ exists requires proving that $Q$ does not exist Since the statement is about trying ...
5k views

### How are timestamps verified?

You put an input and the hash value comes as an output then when someone puts the input the hash function it is applied to see if it is the same hash original value is stored in some database , that ...
174 views

### Generating PGP key *without* random generator? (using fixed input only)

I understand why in general, a strong random generator or source of entropy is used when generating PGP keys. However, I have a use case where I want to generate PGP keys deterministically, i.e. ...
179 views

### Does the One Time Pad rely on confusion or diffusion?

From what I could research, XORing a random key adds confusion. But I do not undertand the rationale for that classification. Shannon's confusion is supposed to obscure the relationship between the ...
642 views

### RSA with probable primes

I am a bit of a newbie to RSA encryption, so please be patient. I understand that for a 4096 bit RSA, the numbers p and q should be prime. And to have the best security, the p and q should both be ...
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### Proofs of collision resistance by reduction

I'm looking for examples of a proof by reduction. For example: Let $A=(Gen, H)$ be a hash function. We define a new Hash function $A'=(Gen',H')$ with $Gen=Gen'$ by $H'_s(x)=H_s(H_s(x))$. It ...
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### What is the danger if a non-prime is chosen for RSA? [duplicate]

I was reading this question about generating primes for RSA keys. The answers point out that most implementations of of the algorithm use probabilistic prime-ness checking algorithms. The answer by @...
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### ECC vs RSA: how to compare key sizes?

I know and I have understood the details of RSA, elliptic curve cryptography, (EC)DH and (EC)DSA. I keep reading everywhere that (if we don't consider non-deterministic computers) "ECC can achieve ...
168 views

### Calculate the security of a cascade cipher

I’m reading “The Security of Multiple Encryption in the Ideal Cipher Model” and I’m having a hard time understanding something. How do I calculate the bounds of cascade cipher from the following ...
269 views

### Is 256 a reasonable length for a Diffie-Hellman safe prime?

There's a program that uses the following OpenSSL function... DH_generate_parameters(256, 5, NULL, NULL) ...to create DH parameters which are later used for ...
728 views

### Which symmetric cipher is best for studying? [closed]

I would like to study a modern symmetric cipher (I have never studied a cipher before) and I was wondering which would be the best cipher for studying purposes of the following: AES (Rijndael), ...
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106 views

### Hash “Preimage by product” resistance

Let H() be a hash function that achieves collision resistance as well as first and second preimage resistance. Let's equip the output set of H of a multiplicative group structure, more precisely a ...
339 views

### Is the reduction from left-or-right IND-CPA to real-or-random IND-CPA tight?

A modern trend in cryptography consists of defining security as rigorously as possible, and then designing schemes which are secure according to those definitions. Proving security comes in the form ...
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### Is there a strong cryptographic reason for GCM's 2^39 - 256 bit limit? [duplicate]

In reading through the original GCM specification (McGrew & Viega '05), the composition of the 128 bit Initialization Vector as a concatenation of a 96b nonce and a 32b unsigned wrapping counter ...
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### Is there any serious discussion about using blinding intermediaries in digital currency scenarios?

A digital currency system like Lucre (OpenTransaction) creates a coin by a mint blind signing the output of a hash function, which the payer then unblinds and pairs with the input to the has function. ...
1k views

### What is “Blinding” used for in cryptography?

What does "blinding" mean in cryptography, and where do we usually use it? Can you describe a sample implementation?
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### RSA Key Blinding

I was looking the answer to the following question (Timing attack on modular exponentiation), discussing the Private Key Blinding as a countermeasure for timing attacks. Therefore I'm asking if ...
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### Inversion Free Direct Conversion between Twisted Edwards (X,Y,Z) and Montgomery (X,Z)

The Wikipedia page for Montgomery curves shows how to convert points on a twisted Edwards curve to and from points on an equivalent Montgomery curve. However, their description and the original ...
106 views

### Montgomery Multiplication in FPGA explanation

I'm trying to implement an RSA module in a FPGA. I choose to use Montgomery multiplication. I've found a document where the Montgomery Multiplication is pretty clear. I don't understand only a step. ...
126 views

### RSA timing attack

Given an RSA implementation that uses Montgomery multiplications and CIOS exp algo, but NOT CRT. Given a decryption1 oracle that takes chosen cipher text and responds the plain text and the time it ...
182 views

### Montgomery Algorithm

I'm trying to undestand how it works and how to implement the algo described in this paper. The paper shows a methods to compute a modular multiplication where it is used multiplier with a resolution ...
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### Implementing modular reductions (n*n) [closed]

I'm implementing a public key cryptosystem in a proprietary System On Chip that only allows modular reductions by $n$. However, that cryptosystem requires ($n^2$) modular reductions. Perhaps someone ...
541 views

### Efficient setup for a Montgomery multiplication

Montgomery described an efficient method to compute a modular multiplication. This works by using a special constant $R$ and assumes the inputs $a$ and $b$ have been made into a special representation ...
542 views

### Blockwise Montgomery multiplication

I have to implement a 256*256 bit Montgomery multiplier for pairing computations. The straightforward approach is to use a bit-serial version, but I would like to utilize the built-in 64*64 bits ...