# All Questions

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### Elliptic curve brute forcing

I have elliptic curve of equation $y^2 \equiv x^3 -x$. And the coordinate of points $Q$ and $P$. I want to solve $Q=[k]P$ (where $k$ is the unknown) by testing all possible $k$. Is this the right ...
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### What are some hashes that do not exhibit the avalanche effect?

I do not know much about cryptography. But, I'm in a situation where I need a hashing method that does not exhibit the avalanche effect. I tried Googling but couldn't find anything.
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### Are there any digital signature algorithms in common use that result in 32-byte signatures?

I don't consider myself to be an expert in this field, so forgive me if there is an obvious answer. I am having a tough time finding an algorithm that can sign data and output a 32-byte signature, ...
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### Could this alternative hash based MAC construction be as, or even more secure than an HMAC?

Begin hashing (Key||Message) Encrypt the hash state (or some part of it, such as the first 128 or 256 bits), with the key. Add the encrypted hash state to the hash ...
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### What is the difference between online and offline brute force attacks?

I read some papers saying a certain scheme is secure for offline brute force attacks, but vulnerable to online brute force attacks. I wonder the difference between the online and offline brute force ...
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### Commitment scheme to share money

I have such problem: party $X$ has an amount of money $M$, which it needs to share with $n$ other parties. Every week the amount of money is different. Let say not, that I am a party A, which is one ...
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### Does failure of indistinguishability of encryptions imply lack of CPA-security?

Suppose we have an encryption scheme that fails the indistinguishability of encryptions test. That is, given messages $m_0, m_1$ and a ciphertext $c_b = Enc_k(m_b)$, where $b \in \{0, 1\}$, the ...
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### On composition of encryption schemes

If we composed (as in function composition) multiple CPA-secure encryption schemes would the result also be CPA-secure?
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### Is there an asymmetric One-Time-Pad? [duplicate]

Is there something like a perfect asymmetric crypto-algo? Is there proof that there must be one or not. From a logical point of view it seems to be possible to design such algorithm if your keysize is ...
182 views

### Computational indistinguishability with Example

Based on computational indistinguishability definition no PPT algorithm can distinguish $X$ from $Y$, where $X=\{X_n\}_{n \in N}$ and $Y=\{Y_n\}_{n \in N}$ are ensembles of probability ...
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### Meet-in-the-Middle attack on 3DES [duplicate]

How can I apply the Meet-in-the-Middle attack to the 3DES algorithm, and why does the literature say that 3DES is more secure than DES?
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### How do I verify a reset token if the token is hashed in DB?

I've been searching around the web for best practice how-to on secure password reset system (email with reset url), and the idea to hash the token in the database, which I did not implement at first, ...
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### Is what i'm trying to do safe?

What both parties have: Server Master Secret (MS) Server supported versions (Svers) Agreed upon version (ver) Client Master Secret (MS) Client supported versions (Cvers) Agreed upon version (Ver) ...
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### CCA secure or not?

Let $F : \{0,1\}^n \times \{0,1\}^n \rightarrow \{0,1\}^n$ be a PRF. And let the encryption function be $Enc{_k}(m) = r || (F{_k}(m) \bigoplus r \bigoplus 0^n)$ , where r's value is random. Is this ...
88 views

### Negilible Function $\frac{1}{n!}$

Is $\frac{1}{n!}$ a negligible function where $n$ is a security parameter? Application: I have a vector of n>100 elements. I permute it and give it to an adversary. The adversary can break it if it ...
234 views

### Generate a list of valid ASCII codes

I have read many pages about encryption but I am really stuck on this. For access control to a building I want to print a 10 character ASCII code on a ticket (as a barcode). The barcode reader (...
177 views

### Authenticate a short message with redundant encryption instead of using a MAC?

I have a short message that’s exactly 128 bits of length. The message serves as a time-limited authorization token for a database. It contains a permission profile ID (64 bits) and an issue timestamp (...
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### Proposed unidirectional authentication scheme

I've been looking around for a way to authenticate a client to the server and deliver a message, but in a unidirectional fashion - that is, the client sends messages to the server, but the server ...
1k views

### Modifying a [CRC32] checksum protected file [closed]

I dont want to ask for help without showing how far I came by myself, so this is what I have so far: The file of interest is an encrypted/obfuscated .bin script, which cotains information on certain ...
67 views

### Why perfect secrecy can be ensured when a plain message and a cipher-text based on one-time pad are correlated?

First, some well-known results are as follows. For random variables $X$ and $Y$, we have $$H(X,Y) \leq H(X) + H(Y).$$ The equality is achieved when $X$ and $Y$ are independent. Second, in one-time ...
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### Does the plaintext have to be at least as long as the key in Polyalphabetic substituion cipher

In polyalphabetic substitution cipher, if we have a key $k$ (a string of letters) of length $n$ does the plaintext $m$ (also a string of letters) have to satisfy $|m| \geq n$? Also, side question, ...
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### what is recommended x length in Diffie Hellman algorithm

According to rfc documents http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2412#appendix-E.2 & http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3526#section-3, it has defined the prime and the <...
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### How do we guarantee plaintext is coprime in RSA?

The specifications for RSA state: $P^{\phi(N)} \equiv 1 ~mod~N$ if and only if $P$ and $N$ are coprime. Here $P$ is the plaintext and $N$ is the product of two suitable primes $x_1, x_2$. My question ...
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### Duration for attacking Two-Key Triple-DES Encryption using all RAM ever built?

I am considering attacks on Two-Key Triple-DES Encryption assuming $2^{32}$ known plaintext/ciphertext pairs (that's a mere 32MiB of ciphertext) by the method devised by Paul C. van Oorschot and ...
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### Why doesn't this defeat RSA?

Apologies for the obviously ridiculous question but I need to know where I'm going wrong here. For RSA, we compute $n=pq$ for primes $p$ and $q$. We then choose an $e$ such that $gcd(e, \varphi(n))=1$...
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### How to exchange authentication keys

I am trying to create a secure Bluetooth Low Energy connection. The peripheral server (the main device other people would connect to) would need to service many clients (users) and due to hardware ...
2k views

### ASCII to same-length ASCII encryption?

I need to encrypt an ASCII string [a-zA-Z0-9:] to an ASCII [a-zA-Z0-9] string of the same length. It doesn't have to be unbreakable, it's sufficient that it won't be readable at the first sight. The ...
627 views

### Why cant Public Key Encryption be perfectly secure? [duplicate]

I would be very grateful for any help. I cant figure out why (probabilistic) public key encryption schemes can never provide perfect secrecy? Any Ideas? Excerpt: In contrast to the private-key ...
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### Outsourced Multiparty computation proof in Ideal world

I need to know in an outsourced two party computation where honst $A$ and $B$ outsource their private and secure data to a malicious server, why we need to design a simulator that interacts with an ...
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### Is there a tangible benefit in keeping the number of PBKDF iterations secret and not storing them with the ciphertext?

Suppose I have a local file and it is encrypted with a symmetric key derived from a strong passphrase, unique salt and $x$ number of PBKDF (e.g. Scrypt) iterations. I am interested in keeping this ...
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### what is the public information in Elliptic curve cryptosystems [closed]

Currently my knowledge about Elliptic curve is quite limited to the textbook and I don't know how a practical Elliptic curve cryptosystem works. I read an example about key exchange using Elliptic ...
212 views

### DH with AES - is that an acceptable security scheme over UPnP?

I'm trying to devise a good security scheme to protect comms over Wi-Fi. Right now, I have 2 devices that already communicate via UPnP but I need to secure this communication. I've come up with this: ...
323 views

### where should private and public keys be stored? [closed]

I am kind of confused whether should a newly generated key pair be stored in a keystore or in just a normal plain text file? From what I read from online source, there are serveral explainations ...
125 views

### SHA3 Keccak, absorbing data to the state

I'm working on implementation of keccak algorithm and have one problem. Tell me please, takeing an example "test": will state (before block permutations, but after padding - pad10*1) look like this: {...
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### Second generator for secp256k1 curve

I want to get a group element $h$ on the elliptic curve secp256k1. The important thing is that no one should know the discrete logarithm of $h$ with respect to $g$. That is, $h$ should be created from ...
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### Computing p and q from private key

We are given n (public modulus) where n=pq and e (encryption exponent). Then I was able to crack the private key d, using Wieners attack. So now, I have (n,e,d). My question is, is there a way to ...
108 views

### Avoiding known plaintext attacks with an additional XOR-Layer

Can a cipher that is vulnerable to an known plaintext attack be made secure by adding an additional XOR-encryption? That is: suppose I have an (w.l.o.g. symmetric) encryption algorithm E were the ...
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### AES_GMAC implementation [closed]

I need to implement AES_GMAC encryption and decryption in c/c++ programming language. For the implementation, I have referred following document: http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/toolkit/BCM/documents/...
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### Feldman's VSSS: Showing the Correctness of shares that are Consistent

This is something with which I am struggling to get my head around. In Feldman's VSSS, I am aware that the Dealer broadcasts exponentials $a_{1},...,a_{t-1}$ of the secret $K$ and the coefficients ...
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### how does an initialization vector work? [duplicate]

Can somebody please explain how an initialization vector works. My current understanding is that it is used to prevent 2 of the same messages looking identical after encryption, but isn't this the ...
1k views

### How do institutions like banks do RSA with big primes?

When encrypting with RSA it is often infeasible to decrypt by just doing c^d mod n, because for example when using the primes $(p,q)=(12553,1233)$, which are small ...
I have non-negative integers $x,y,z$. I'm going to give you commitments $C(x),C(y),C(z)$ to them. Then, I would like to prove in zero knowledge that $xy=z$. I can choose the commitment scheme to ...