# All Questions

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### Text in random image encoder: is it flawed?

I have created a small cryptographic programme: You input your text A random image is generated Random coordinate pairs in number equal to the chars of the message are generated. The red component ...
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193 views

### Strategies for securing public key storage on software

I´m kind of new in this so I apologize in advance for any noob mistakes (feel free to point it out) We are developing a licensing mechanism on our software, and I would like some advice. The ...
121 views

### Generic name for (?hash) functions of form $\{0,1\}^n \rightarrow \{0,1\}^{poly(n)}$

Consider a function $$f: \{0,1\}^n \rightarrow \{0,1\}^{poly(n)}$$ with the following properties: hard to invert, i.e. given $f(x)$, hard to find $x$ hard to find a collision, i.e given $f(x)$, ...
181 views

### Deriving a decryption equation

Consider a very simple symmetric block encryption algorithm, in which 32-bits blocks of plaintext are encrypted using a 64-bit key. Encryption is defined as C = (P⊕KL)⊗KR where C = ciphertext; K = ...
167 views

### FIPS-Compliant SHA2

I want to use SHA-512 for hashing in a system that must be FIPS-compliant. When I look at the FIPS 140 list of approved providers, I don't see SHA from any provider as being an approved algorithm, I ...
227 views

### Diffie-Hellman Application

Alice and Bob want to perform a Diffie-Hellman key exchange using the group $G$, a primitive root $g$, Alice’s secret key $k_A$ and Bob’s secret key $k_B$. In each case below compute the element of $G$...
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### Is the idea of a known plaintext attack really that new?

As you can probably guess, I just watched The Imitation Game, which hasn't really gotten points for historical accuracy... During World War II, Turing and his team fret that they can't know the ...
129 views

### Prime modulus for RSA and sharing a secret?

According to this paper entitled "Using Commutative Encryption to Share a Secret" they define their modulus to be a large prime p, which is public. Both exponents are private in this case. According ...
69 views

### Self changeable key [closed]

If key changes itself when it send/receive message what would be could breaking method? So: $E: m×k$ in which $k$ is last generated key $D: c×k$ in which $k$ is last generated key $k{_n} = k_{n-1}×m$...
397 views

### Why does NaCL have different keys for signing and encryption?

I want to start using NaCL to sign messages that will go into a message queue, and I noticed that it generates different keys for each operation. Is there a reason for this? Can I not use the same PK ...
62 views

### Key establishment protocols other than Diffie-Hellman

Are there any key agreement/exchange/establishment protocols which are NOT based around the Diffie-Hellman protocol or handshakes using public key cryptograaphy? DH seems to form the basis of this ...
179 views

### Save the last cycle in GCM GHASH calculation

I need to implement GCM GHASH in hardware, using FPGA. The data bus is 640 bits, so I will use 5 adder/multiplier blocks in parallel. The message size is fixed and AAD is 0. A little example: ...
128 views

### Identity-Based Encryption consist of four algorithms. Extract phase is one of them and it is done by PKG or receiver?

The Identity-Based Encryption consist of four randomized algorithms: Setup, Extract, Encrypt, Decryption. The Setup phase is done by Private-key generator, Encrypt by sender and Decryption by receiver....
661 views

### CBC-MAC: is it secure to authenticate a fixed length ciphertext?

Suppose I have a fixed-length arbitrary ciphertext. To authenticate such ciphertext: I generate a random AES Key $K_{auth}$. Then I compute the CBC-MAC Tag of the ciphertext with $K_{auth}$. ...
67 views

### Are Barreto-Naehrig Curves suitable for pairing-based cryptography?

If Barreto-Naehrig Curves are suitable for pairing-based cryptography, can I use the library available at Optimal ATE Pairing?
210 views

### Simplified Example of ECC to use in the classroom

I have come up with the following rudimentary example of how ECC relates to asymmetric keys. Is this a valid explanation of ECC and its relationship to asymmetry? To only be deciphered by the person ...
126 views

### Finding $x$'s parity in the discrete log problem

Suppose $p$ is prime, and $g, a\in\mathbb F_p$ are given elements with $g$ a primitive root. The discrete log problem poses the task of finding an integer $x$ such that $g^x=a$. Show that even if $x$ ...
109 views

### How does CTR-ESSIV work?

I'm using Wikipedia and Handbook of Applied Cryptography as references. I know that ESSIV generates an initialization vector (IV) by combining a hashed key with the sector number. However, I only see ...
67 views

### Are passwords generated from sine vulnerable to certain attacks?

A friend mentioned that he used the sine of a number, i.e. sind(54), to generate long passwords. This way he only has to remember sine 54 and have a calculator to get his password back. I am wondering ...
196 views

### In a group, is it hard to calculate the base $g$ given $g^a$ and $a$?

Discrete logarithm, that is: calculate $a$ given $g$ and $g^a$, is assumed to be a hard problem in some groups. Is it also hard to calculate $g$ given $g^a$ and $a$?
287 views

### Simple multiplication as an encryption method

There was a time when I wondered about multiplication as an encryption operation. That was when I was thinking in terms of modular multiplication. But how about based around simple multiplication. ...
143 views

### Parameters for elliptic curve prime192v3

I'm looking all over the internet for prime192v3's parameters. I think I may have found them here, but it doesn't say what variable each number matches to. Is there some central place where I can find ...
135 views

### OpenSSL encrypted text length

OpenSSL block ciphers return length of the text as output of the encryption (envelope_seal()), and If I have to send the length over network, I append the length ...
208 views

### Hash function as secure as one-time pad?

We know that the one-time pad is provably secure as a cipher to encrypt some data. Is there an algorithm which does the same just as a hash function? Can we get a provably secure hash function? Maybe ...
70 views

### Boneh-Boyen like signature scheme

Full Boneh-Boyen signature scheme defines a pair of secret keys (SK) $a \in \mathbb{Z}_n$ and $b \in \mathbb{Z}_n$ and a pair of public keys (PK) $A = G^a \in \mathbb{G}$ and $B = G^b \in \mathbb{G}$. ...
380 views

I have recently been playing with Chacha20-Poly1305 with libsodium, and all of the examples state the additional data portion of the tag is stored in plaintext when encrypted. But from what I can tell ...
301 views

### Is $f(x)\oplus x$ a one-way function?

Given that $f$ is a OWF and $|f(x)|=|x|$ for all $x$, is $g(x)=f(x)\oplus x$ necessarily also a OWF?
985 views

### Trivium example

I started learning cryptography from Understanding Cryptography book of Christof Paar and Jan Pelzl. Here is the problem I have solved but I want to be sure that it is correct. Assume the IV(...
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I have a secret message which I want to encrypt such that any of several different keys can open it independently. The keys can't know about each other and it has to be able to work completely ...
107 views

### Why is knowing M not enough to break Blum Blum Shub?

In Blum Blum Shub, the generator is $x_{n+1}={x_n}^2 \mod M$ where $M=p \cdot q$, $p \in \mathbb P$, and $q \in \mathbb P$. Supposedly, knowing $p$ and $q$ is enough to break the system. But if I know ...
233 views

### Given $g^a, g^b, g^c, g^{1/b}$, is it hard to distinguish $e(g, g)^{abc}$ from a random value?

where $g$ is a group element in bilinear group $\mathbb{G}$. I understand it is very similar to the conventional DBDH problem, but $g^{1/b}$ is also known, possibly making it easier? Does anyone know ...
219 views

### Is there any advantage on encrypting the CMAC together with the message?

I'm reading a protocol specification where the procedure is to generate a CMAC, take the first 4 bytes of it, append this authentication tag to the message and then encrypt the message + CMAC together ...
79 views

### Stream cipher key length to send

I was being argued that stream cipher's key that is the length of the message must be sent to the destination for them to be able to decrypt the message. My point is don't you only have to send the ...
85 views

### Can you exchange a shared key without any hardness assumptions?

Imagine that P=NP, and one way functions don't exist. Can two people end up with a random shared key of arbitrary length, if every exchange is public? They have true RNGs, and know who they are ...
275 views

### Sage Vs C++(with NTL) for implementing cryptosystems

Is Sage a better alternative to C++(with NTL), for programming that involves math objects like polynomial rings in cryptosystems? I hear that Sage is an open source alternative to Magma. I have used ...
170 views

### Noisiest RF band for random number generation

I've been looking into the difference between PRNGs and proper RNG techniques. One that I particularly like is the idea of tuning a radio to a certain frequency and bandwidth and just listening to the ...
159 views

### Generating cyclic group for Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption [closed]

I am doing Project under the topic CP-ABE.I need to generate a symmetric bilinear group Go of prime order p and with generator g...Then how to choose random elements from Zp....kindly anyone help me......