# All Questions

104 views

### How does converting character set affect hash entropy?

Does mapping a large character-set hash onto a small character-set hash lower entropy for a fixed size substring? I'm writing a python app that involves generating passwords for websites. During the ...
46 views

### Private Set Intersection Polynomial Computation [duplicate]

I am trying to implement the protocol mentioned in Section 3.4 of “Efficient Robust Private Set Intersection” in Java. In the Second Step, the Client computes a polynomial of degree $n$ over the ...
55 views

### Plaintext patterns leaked based on single bit

Assuming that Elgamal is used as an encryption cipher, where lets say $p$ is 2048bit prime. Is it possible for an attacker to figure out $x$, a secret key, if any part of 2048 bits ciphertext and ...
76 views

### how to calculate power $n$ over Gaussian integers?

In the paper Extended RSA cryptosystem and digital signature schemes in the domain of Gaussian integers the authors calculate $(4007621+145835\cdot i)^{7848211742013} \mod (x)$, please explain to me ...
45 views

### Key change and key derivation

there are two ways for key change: Key update and re-keying. Which of this methods use KDF (Key Derivation Function) for getting new keys.
110 views

### Going Blind, Group or Ring?

I have several problems approaching the following problem: Let's assume that we have Alice, Bob and Cathy. Alice wants to present a message to Cathy, showing her that someone else has signed it (Bob), ...
44 views

### ElGamal Homomorphic Encryption Formula Question [duplicate]

With Pubic Key $(G, q, g, h)$ where $G$ is a group, $q$ prime, $g$ a generator of $G$, Am I right in thinking that: $$\mathrm{Enc}(m;r) := (g^r, h^r \cdot g^m)$$
74 views

### Question Error Correcting Codes

Let $C$ be a code over the finite field $GF(2)$ with generator matrix $G$ and parity matrix $H$. Let $e+C=C'$ be a coset of code $C$. Let $S$ be a non-singular matrix and $H'=H\times S$. Finally, let ...
90 views

### Oracle DBMS_RANDOM algorithm?

Oracle DBMS offer builtin random number generator (pseudo to be accurate). DBMS_RANDOM is one of the available packages, it is however considered as insecure for cryptography. Do we happen to know the ...
22 views

### How to understand the Bilinear mapping with an example [duplicate]

An efficient bilinear map is given by $e$: $G_{1}$ × $G_{1}$ → $G_{T}$. How can i prove this equation with the help of an example.
32 views

### In Merkle Damgard Constructoin, why do we add another block with value of number of blocks? [duplicate]

I'm trying to understand how can we find collisions, in simpler Merkle-Damgard constructions. consider my question as, what are the collisions for these cases of Merkle-Damgard constructions: we pad ...
41 views

### How to select parameters based on some condition

I am implementing a protocol for authentication where parameters need to be selected with $gcd(\mu,\phi)=1$ where $\phi=(p−1)(q−1)$. What is the best way to select the parameters while implementing
350 views

### Would it be possible to create a game where one would need to decrypt a simple encryption?

This might sound pretty weird, but I was thinking of a game a person could play alone with a pen and paper. I got this idea where the person would write a random four letter string on a paper, and ...
54 views

### measurable proof of works

We generally use hash functions as prof of work, for example we ask client to compute $x$ where $h(y|x)$ produce a sum starting with 64 successive zero bit. In cryptographic algorithms we can ...
27 views

### Different between Shared Key and Common Key in DLP Application

What is the different between Shared Key and Common Key? Are they the same? Shared Key = Common Key?
106 views

### So what is quantum cryptography anyway?

I am having difficulty understanding quantum cryptography concepts. I've searched the internet and watched some videos on youtube explaining the topic, but it is still hard to understand how it works. ...
34 views

### Correlated or biased coin protocols?

There are a number of papers in the literature describing secure/fair coin flipping protocols. Unfortunately in my case, I am looking for coins that are epsilon-biased or epsilon-correlated. I am ...
125 views

### If H(m) = 0 for some m, how can a DSA signature be forged?

If we know for some message $m$ that $H(m) = 0$, how can we forge a DSA signature with only the public key? I got that $g^s*r = (g^x)^r$ where $x$ is the private key, but that's one equation with 2 ...
38 views

### Why doesn't this authentication protocol work? [duplicate]

I am a student taking a cryptography course so forgive me if this comes off as a silly question. This is an assignment question: Alice ------R--------> Bob Alice <-----[R]B------ Bob Alice ...
216 views

### Blum-Blum-Shub Cryptosystem

I am given $N$, which is Bob's encryption key. I was able to successfully factor $N$ into $N=p*q$. Alice encrypts a messages for bob and sends $a = [1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,...]$ $b = 1545164156...$ ...
82 views

### becoming a cryptographer after math studies [duplicate]

after studying philosophy and being a philosophy teacher, I took back studies 4 years ago and I did a bachelor in maths. I'm in maths grad school now (I'm 32), and I would like to work in ...
185 views

### Why does WPA2-PSK use 4-way handshake instead of 2-way handshake

I don't seem to grasp why is the handshake for PTK in WPA2-PSK 4-way and not 2-way. Isn't it enough to just have these two steps: First party sends Nonce1 to the other party Second party sends to ...
53 views

### Example of CL PKC

I am trying to solve the example of algorithms of Certificateless Signature by manually and solving the mathematics of Algorithms but not succeed while doing mathematical calculations. Please ...
40 views

### Merkle-Damgard transform: necessity of the Length block [duplicate]

The Merkel-Damgard transform append the message length (in blocks) to the message itself and then computing the 'chained hash' algorithm. Does the last block (which contains the length of the ...
28 views

### Finding ECDSA public key from signature samples [duplicate]

How many plain ECDSA signature samples are needed to guess the corresponding public key from it like RSA? Otherwise, is it impossible to guess public key from ECDSA signature/encryption messages?
70 views

### hybrid PKE scheme CCA2 insecurity

I'm reading a paper here say: As we know, in hybrid PKE schemes XOR alone cannot perfectly hide challenge bit to the CCA2 adversary The author does not define hybrid PKE schemes. What is ...
99 views

### Why is appending the key to a mesage and then hashing that insecure if the hash isn't weakly collision resistant? [duplicate]

Suppose I have H(M|K) and that H is not weakly collision resistant. If I have a message mac pair (M,MAC), how is it possible to find another message mac pair (M2,MAC2)? My thinking for this problem is ...
41 views

### What is the default type of salt for encryptions in Heimdal Kerberos?

I am trying to figure out what the salting mechanisms are for various kinds of encryptions in Heimdal Kerberos. In section "4.11 Encryption types and salting" of the Heimdal Kerberos documentation it ...
30 views

### Using same keypairs for crypt and sign with elliptic curve [duplicate]

I asked my question on a mailing list ( http://www.metzdowd.com/pipermail/cryptography/2013-October/018061.html ) and i received many answers, which are confused me. So i try to ask here, it is ...
100 views

### Blind Signatures

The verification algorithm given in blind signature. Should it work for both Original message and the signature on it Blinded message and the signature on it. If yes, then how can we verify if ...
102 views

### How many messages needs to be send to server to get AES key in Cache-timing Attack

I'm trying to evaluate the correlation between key length and the number of messages that needs to be send to server during Cache timing Attack. I read both D. Bernstein, “Cache-timing attacks on ...
61 views

### Can you help me understand this “Message Modiﬁcation by Meet-in-the-Middle” related to Tiger Hash?

I found this paper that explains how to attack a reduced round tiger hash, but I'm having a hard time understanding some of the mathematical notation. Could someone explain the section "Message ...
422 views

### How is the initial permutation of DES created?

I am creating a program in C language with DES (Data Encryption Standard) functionality, but don't know how to apply the initial permutation. Is it achieved by swapping the values? If "yes", then ...
343 views

### Keepass Twofish plugin security

Keepass is a well known open-source password manager program, with plugin support. One of the offered plugin is a twofish encryption mode of operation in lieu of the build-in AES algorithm ...
73 views

### Why is Merkle-Damgård construction insecure? [duplicate]

I've been reading about SHA-1. I read that SHA-1 is insecure as it uses the Merkle-Damgård construction and the Merkle-Damgård construction is — according to Wikipedia — susceptible to a variety of ...
147 views

### How to safely sign a 6 characters String?

I have to decide, whether a document, which I am given, was correctly signed by a private key. my Ideas is to sign the document id using RSA with the private key and to print the following onto the ...
52 views

### Are there any bi-bidirectionally indistinguishable Asymmetric Encryption Algorithms

I have been using Asymmetric Encryption for a while, and I have come across an interesting concept, and it would be cool if it could be done. Are there any Asymmetric Encryption Algorithms where the ...
66 views

### Will D-Wave's quantum computers ruin classical encryption? [duplicate]

D-Wave has commercially available 512-qbit quantum computers now. A lot of big names are taking it seriously. Google, NASA, and USRA have joined forces to start a quantum AI lab. How far are we ...
105 views

### RSA vs El Gamal digital signature. Which is more secure? [duplicate]

I'm reading about the notions of security concerning digital signatures and I can't understand whether RSA is more secure than El Gamal digital signature. Well, they are both prone to forgery, but I ...
54 views

### PKCS#11: Which CKK_types are supported by CKM_PKCS5_PBKD2?

On Solaris there's a function pkcs11_PasswdToKey() which is a wrapper of C_GenerateKey(). I made a simple test and it turned out ...
61 views

### Strength of Combining Hash functions [duplicate]

If I combine two hash functions, what will the impact on the strength of the resulting function. If I combine in following way: H1*H2 (multiply) H1 + H2 (concat) H1 Xor H2 H1 (H2) EDIT: Lets say H1 ...
265 views

### What are some approaches to attack an triple key polyalphabetic cipher when the IV key and PT key are known?

The cipher is an triple key polyalphabetic cipher also known as an Quagmire IV by the ACA. An example would be here: Quagmire IV example and info (pardon the ads) I posses the IV key and the PT key. ...
142 views

### Sigma-protocol for 3SAT problem

I have some questions from previous years exams, I hope you could help me with them. :) Let $g,h$ denote generators of a group $G$ of large prime order $n$ such that $\log_g h$ is unknown to anyone. ...
42 views

### NIST Standard for Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm [duplicate]

Possible Duplicate: Advantage of AES(Rijndael) over Twofish and Serpent What is the reason of NIST why Rijndael choose as the Advanced Encryption Standard
211 views

### Most frequently used digital signature schemes in the recent years

I am looking to understand if there are any hard figures on which digital signature schemes are most commonly in use today. I'm only really interested in what is employed recently (ie. last couple ...
43 views

### hmac sign data or cipher? [duplicate]

Possible Duplicate: Should we MAC-then-encrypt or encrypt-then-MAC? Ok, this may be a dumb question but I'm wondering, with an HMAC signature of a ciphertext should I be signing the data ...
208 views

### Reuse of a DH / ECDH public key

I was wondering whether it is safe to use the same DH or ECDH key pair in more than one key agreement, particularly if these public keys are in a public registry. These public keys could be used by ...
130 views

### Symmetric encryption is no longer necessary?

Here is it: Symmetric encryption is no longer necessary, because all security services can be implemented with public-key cryptography. Moreover, in public key cryptography the operations for ...