# All Questions

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### Is Schannel supposed to use SHA1 for (EC)DHE params?

I captured a TLS 1.2 handshake on my server (WIN2012.R2/IIS 8.5) and noticed that SHA1 is being used to hash ECDHE parameters despite both the server and client(s) supporting SHA2 signatures. ...
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### How to run a (provably probably) secure global referendum?

The following question is extremely broad and speculative, for which I apologize, but it strikes me as exceedingly important, so I will ask it nonetheless. Suppose an event of global significance ...
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### Is there a theorem to determine the elliptic curve parameters based on the group order?

By Hasse's theorem we know that range of the group order of the elliptic curve. And similarly, there exist a theorem on the admissible order of elliptic curves. Suppose by the theorem on the ...
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### Generating random non-repeating numbers from a small group

I read this Q&A which gave a clever solution: feed an incrementing index into a block key cipher as a way of producing non-repeating random numbers. The problem is the block size of all the good ...
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### Are the prime numbers used for RSA encryption known? [duplicate]

I read that one reason why RSA is secure is because it uses a huge number that's called the modulus which is the product of two prime numbers. For maths reasons the prime numbers being prime numbers ...
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### Integer factorization still hard with Hamming weight hypothesis?

Consider the following problem: Factorize a $n$-bit integer $c$ knowing that it is the product of two integers with known Hamming weight $h$. Is there a way to prove that this is still hard? I have ...
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### Can you have partial cryptographic obfuscation (without a trusted setup)?

Cryptographic Obfuscation is a powerful cryptographic technique. My question is, can you do it partially? Instead of obfuscating an algorithm completely, you can have an algorithm with a couple of ...
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### Two or more initialization vectors with the same key

I'm studying about WEP and I'm in doubt. It seems that because it uses a initialization vector of 24 bits, which is relatively short, is easy to determine which key was used to encrypt the data. But ...
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### Security implication of deriving key with fixed salt for files authentication

Context: I need to calculate MAC for a collection of files just for future integrity and authentication verification. This is the conceptual order of steps: Derive a 64 bytes key from user input ...
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### How is Extended Euclidean Algorithm related to Approximate-GCD problem?

I had a doubt regarding the connection between the Extended Euclidean Algorithm and the Approximate-GCD problem. Are there any relations? i.e., the hardness of A-GCD is derived from EEA. Is there any ...
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### How to implement 1-out-of-n OT from 1-out-of-2 OT?

How can I implement a 1-out-of-$n$ oblivious transfer protocol from 1-out-of-2 OT protocol which is resistant against passive corruption? Assume we can access 1-out-of-2 OT $n$ times.
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### Security of DGHV Encryption

In DGHV Security How to get reliable oracle for least significant bit and then uses binary GCD algorothm that uses reliable oracle to find secret key p.Also what is oracle. Is this a turing ...
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### Differences between OWP and OWF and their IND-CPA security

I am learning about one way permutations and one way functions and am not sure of the differences if there are any. Also in the random oracle model are they both IND-CPA secure?
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### Given a public-key encryption and signature scheme, define a new primitive

I'm new to cryptography and am currently working on the following question: Say you are given a public-key encryption scheme $\Pi_e=(\mathcal{K}_e,\mathcal{E},\mathcal{D})$ and a signature scheme ...
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### Would A5/1 with a much larger state be a good choice of stream cipher for hardware?

Would A5/1 with a much larger state be a good choice of stream cipher for hardware? Assume that a reasonable choice of MAC is made such as GMAC, with the first 128 bits of the stream cipher output ...
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### Is AES-CTR or ChaCha20 vulnerable to a time-memory trade off?

Is AES-CTR or ChaCha20 vulnerable to a time-memory trade-off attack? According to this paper it seems to be, which would put AES-CTR at a clearly breakable $2^{64}$ security level (for AES-128-CTR). ...
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### Two-party equality computation

Alice and Bob each secretly chooses an integer between 1 and 10, a and b. They want to know (with high probability) whether or ...
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### Subscript R notation for the finite fields

I'm trying to understand the notation used in the literature for Pairing-based cryptography. I know (and I hope I've understood it well) from Wikipedia that $\mathbb{Z}_p$ is the finite field of ...
62 views

### can pdfcrack software crack a 128 bit encrypted pdf file

One day ago,i downloaded a pdf that requires password then i search a software to decrypt the password that's s/w called pdfcrack Then i install pdfcrack and run a cmd in terminal pdfcrack -f ...
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### Is it possible for the Rho method against an Elliptic Curve to take more than the sqrt of the total state space?

Is it possible for the Rho method against an Elliptic Curve to take more than the sqrt of the total state space? It the reason why this is not generally done because of a meet-in-the-middle attack?
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### A bijective hash function

Suppose: $H: \{0,1\}^{n} \rightarrow \{0,1\}^{n}$. $H$ is bijective. It is difficult to derive $x$ from $H(x)$. Is this type of function possible? What would the strength of it be? I realize that ...
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### Multiplexed stream cipher

Consider the stream cipher that consists of 3 LFSRs, with the output of one coming being used to determine which of the other 2 is used that clock cycle. Both the IV and the polynomials are secret. ...
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### (How) Can we use HOTP for file encryption?

I recently went through the list of available KeePass plug-ins and noticed one that advertises support for HOTP as a means to derive the database key. Now I trust the developer of this plug-in who is ...
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### Encryption strength when using a PBKDF

Suppose: $m$ is a positive integer. $n=2 \times m$. $H: \{0,1\}^{*} \rightarrow \{0,1\}^n$. $p$ is a password. $s$ is a salt. $K=\{0,1\}^n$ is the derived key. $PBKDF(p,s)$ derives a key from $p$ ...
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### How to Perform Computation on AES Encrypted Data

I have this code that successfully performs symmetric encryption using AES algorithm. How can I go about performing computation on it to achieve somewhat homomorphic encryption? ...
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### How to prove hardness of approximate-GCD problem?

I am trying to prove the security of my system using the hardness assumption of the approximate-GCD problem using contradiction, i.e. If the attacker is able to break in our scheme, then attacker ...
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### Why can't we use the first block of AES-CBC as MAC

As per topic, why can't we use the first block as MAC instead of using the last block? what's the rationale?
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### Is LUKS Anti-Forensic information splitter (AFsplit) indistinguishable from random data?

I want to know if AFsplit(random_data_input, stripes, digestmod=sha) output is indistinguishable from random data. The purpose ...
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### Stripping off message authentication or signature

If attackers can strip off RSA / EC / -DSA digital signature and conduct CCA on AES-CTR or CBC payload, why can't they do the same for AES-GCM?
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### How do voters verify a Helios (v3) election result?

So from my understanding of verification specification version 3, a Helios election proceeds as follows: A voter retrieves the system's public key to encrypt their vote & submit it. The voter ...
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### Is it possible to brute-force a hash algorithm of 32 bits

I have a 30000 user passwords and usernames stored in a table on a database in which the passwords are stored as hash where ,I need to guess the passwords for all users and I have the hash function ...
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### How to use AES-CBC to password-encrypt a small block of stored data

I have a small block of data (16 bytes) that I am required to encrypt, store (in an unsecure, visible location). Later I have to retrieve and decrypt it. I must use AES-CBC and a user-entered ...
83 views

### Homomorphic Encryption or not

I am a beginner to homomorphic encryption scheme. As far as I think, it is just a kind of concealing real value without using standard encryption algorithms such as AES,DES or RSA. For example , for ...
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### Format Preserving Encryption FF1 Samples

NIST published methods for Format-Preserving Encryption and there is a link in the document giving examples for FF1 methods. I am confused by the value of R given in the examples. $R$ is the output ...
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### SHA1 collision for first 32 bits for two different message

Is it possible to create a program to find the collision of 2 different message but with same first 32 bits using sha1 hashing? I tried using a while loop but it run endlessly as though no match is ...
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### AES encryption time difference for same data [duplicate]

When encrypting same data with AES, encryption time for the first encryption is longer than the second one. In the same program, I have written encrypt() function ...
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### Top notation as exponent

In cryptography, what does the Top notation mean? It resembles a capital T: T In particular, I saw it in the follwing context: $c = (c_1,c_2)^\top$ where $c_1$ and $c_2$ are homomorphic ciphertexts ...
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### Time taken for a brute force attack on a key size of 64-bits

You can do $2^{30}$ encryptions per second and the key size is 64 bits. $2^{64}/2^{30}$ should give me the time taken for a brute force attack? What if you double the key size? How can I calculate ...
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### How to attack polyalphabetic affine cipher with only ciphertext?

How to attack polyalphabetic affine cipher with only the ciphertext? A polyalphabetic affine cipher can be seen as the composition of an affine cipher ($p \mapsto c \equiv a \times p + b \pmod{26})$ ...
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### What is necessary for generating an elliptic curve?

Let's say I want to generate my own elliptic curve with an order whose bit length is $n$ (specifically 2048, 4096, and/or 8192)? How would I do this? What needs to be done? What software can do this? ...
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### Do eCryptfs encrypt same source files into same retulsing encrypted files?

Can I assume that for given eCryptfs mount, files with byte-by-byte same content will map into byte-by-byte same encrypted files in underlying filesystem (i.e. after umount) ? (i.e. if resulting ...
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### WPA-PSK authentication without password [closed]

Suppose I have a service in which I allow users to share their WiFi connection. When sharing their connection, users provide their WPA PSK password to my service. Now if somebody wants to use this ...
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### Is ssl_sign safe as it is using OPENSSL_PKCS1_PADDING

I've been hearing a lot of scare talk about PKCS1 padding attacks. Is PKCS1 v1.5 safe in signatures as it is practically transporting only message digest? I'm using it in one of my applications so ...
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### Can RSA-PSS signing be made deterministic without loss of security?

Is it possible to make RSA-PSS signing deterministic without loss of security? Specifically, I would use Blake2b of the key and message to generate the salt.
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### Beavers Triple Vs BGW Multiplication on MPC

Typically MPC protocols that are secure against semi-honest adversaries recommend the use of the revised GMW multiplication protocol by Gennaro et al. This is not the case against Active adversaries ...
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### How does Hash with random cryptography work?

I am new in this world of cryptography and while reading some articles I got stuck into something that I did not understand correctly: the use of hash based on random cryptography. On my knowledge, ...
What's the minimum number of random sample points needed in Kocher's timing attack, so that we can determine enough valid measurements of $A_{i,r}$ and $D_{i,r}$? I'm working from this paper: Volker ...