# All Questions

280 views

### Key sizes for discrete logarithm based methods

I have a question regarding the key generation process of methods that are based on the discrete logarithm problem. This site gives some good insights, but I don't fully grasp it I think: ...
172 views

### Elliptic Curve is DH function or PKI?

can we reuse same ECC key on TLS for long terms or it must be used just once? (i mean can we use ECC like RSA?) is there patent free ECC implementation ?
79 views

I am read this paragraph and I have a doubt. "An adversary to PKC $\Pi$ is given by two probabilistic polynomial time algorithms, $A = (A1; A2)$. In the first stage, the "find" stage, the ...
74 views

### What does “securely realize” mean?

I was wondering what "securely realizes" means. I see this in some cryptographic papers but I don't know what it means for a protocol to "securely realize" a function $F$. Is it just a fancy way of ...
1k views

Looking at the first step of AES encryption I see that we XOR the key with the plaintext block. Why is the actual key involved at all, why not just use the round keys derived from the key schedule?
176 views

### Is there an efficient way to hide the encrypted plaintext length with a block cipher?

In block cipher modes of operation for encryption on input of a plaintext of $N$ blocks (We assume that the input size is always a multiple of the blockcipher mode: $N·16$ bytes) the size of the ...
120 views

### Security relevance of random factor in Paillier

In the Paillier cryptosystem [1] the encryption of $m \in \mathbb{Z}_N$ with randomness $r \in \mathbb{Z}_n^*$ is $c = g^m r^n \bmod{n^2}$. The additive-homomorphic property of the system shows that ...
650 views

### What goals is homomorphic encryption aiming to solve?

As I understand from this article about homomorphic encryption, it mainly aims to enhance the security of cloud computing. We should be able to encrypt data and send it to the cloud. After it is send, ...
905 views

### Fastest multiplication algorithm for efficient exponentiation in C++?

First I apologize if this question is better tailored for SO, but since I'm using the method for crypto stuff, I thought I'd ask anybody that might know here. Karatsuba algorithm does a pretty good ...
195 views

### Is the following key stretching algorithm as memory hard as I think it is?

I'm having some fun designing a key stretching algorithm that can be implemented in pure Python. It's built entirely out of the standard library's hash functions in an attempt to at least wrest some ...
305 views

### Measuring Shannon's diffusion

Shannon's idea of diffusion is fundamental to cryptography. Besides being a descriptive idea, is there any work on measuring or expressing it? Saying something like "System A has more diffusion than ...
192 views

### Request for 1024-bit primes $p$ , subgroup $q$ and subgroup generator $g$

I need to find a prime $p$ of $1024$ bits with a $160$ bit sub group size $q$, such that $q|p-1$ , and $g$ is the generator of the sub group size $q$. I'm looking for the numeric values of $p$ , $q$ ...
309 views

### What are some different cryptography methods?

Some of the most effective cryptography methods and algorithms are based of factoring large prime numbers (e.g. RSA). I'm curious whether there are some other cryptography methods. Somethings that is ...
680 views

### Kryptos : K2. What is the origin of the “abscissa” keyword?

I'm studying the Kryptos sculpture with its cryptographic puzzles K1 to K4. Similar to the "palimsest" keyword for K1, the keyword "abscissa" for K2 was determined by brute-force. To better ...
252 views

### Understanding padding oracles - is an attack plausible in my scenario?

I have a scheme that, long story short, uses AES in CBC mode to encrypt third-party credentials for user accounts with a password-derived key. It's been mentioned that the use of CBC mode is a ...
115 views

### Polynomials and efficient computability

In public key crypto, the popular definitions of security (CPA, CCA1,2) depend on PPT adversaries. I'm trying to understand why adversaries should be PPT. It's clear that adversaries should be at ...
149 views

### inverse element in Paillier cryptosystem

As I know, in Paillier cryptosystem, the encryption $c$ of a message $m$ is calculated as $c=g^m r^n \bmod n^2$. Now, I am wondering if I can derive $g^m \bmod n^2$ given that I know $c$, $r$, and ...
704 views

### Weakness in using only one RSA key pair for two-way communication?

In Alice/Bob/Cindy terms (EDIT: and with a little more detail): Alice and Bob have each securely obtained one key of an RSA keypair from a trusted third party. Alice has one key ($e$ and $n$), Bob ...
1k views

### How does a client verify a server certificate?

As far as I know, when I request a certificate from Verisign (for example), and after they approved that me is me, they create a certificate (for me) which contains the digital signature and public ...
1k views

### Blowfish: hex digits of pi used for s-boxes?

Preface: here is the official site for the Blowfish algorithm: http://www.schneier.com/blowfish.html The Blowfish algorithm uses an s-box, which consists of hex digits of pi (found here: ...
307 views

### How can I prove in zero knowldege that an ElGamal shuffle is correct for a special setting? [closed]

In a special ElGamal encryption scheme, every user has an ElGamal encryption key-pair using the same cyclic group $G$ and generator $g$. The system has a special function :  ...
264 views

### Real world use cases of Multi Party Computation

Most of the research papers give imaginary applications of multi party computation. Either they talk about millionare's problem or two or more corporates willing to compute some Intrustion detection ...
104 views

### Is secure remote snap possible?

Scenario: We have a central server $S$. We have a number of peripheral servers $P_i$ We have some individuals $U_j$ A given individual may be "known" to one or more peripheral servers. Each ...
106 views

### Conditional entropy

Suppose I have a file with random binary strings of the same length in each line. If I'm computing the conditional entropy $H(Y|X)$ where $Y$ is the variable string of fixed length $l$ which is ...
103 views

### How to hide bit frequency of the inter-packet delays covert channel?

I encode a hidden message as different delays between packets of another data stream. My implementation now is that for each bit, if the bit is 0, a inter-packet ...
387 views

### Can we construct fully homomorphic encryption scheme based on non-circuit approach?

At present, all FHE scheme are be constructed based on circuit approach. Can we construct fully homomorphic encryption scheme based on non-circuit approach? Is Polly cracker non-circuit approach ?
347 views

### Is there a method to break an EC curve for all key-pairs (Q,d) such that (Q=d*G) faster than breaking every single key-pair?

Related to this question: Is there any memory trade-off that helps such attack? Obviously if the field size is very small (say 40 bits) it´s possible, but what if the field size is 160 bits long? or ...
315 views

### Can iterated key expansion in Blowfish slow down bruteforce attacks on small key sizes?

Suppose I have to use 64-bit keys for encryption (e.g. to comply with export restrictions). For this question, assume this key is truly random, and the encryption algorithm is Blowfish. Blowfish key ...
562 views

### Cryptanalysing Affine cipher

I am trying to cryptanalyse a cipher–text encrypted by Affine cipher. The encryption formula is: $c = f(x) = (ax+b)\bmod m$, where $a$ and $b$ are unknown constants; $x$ is a plain-text symbol, and ...
126 views

### Random decomposition of symmetric key

Considering a symmetric cipher (i.e : AES in counter mode), is it possible for any given key to be randomly decomposed into other keys without knowing the message or the ciphertext, such as : ...
533 views

### What would be the most effective way to brute force a 16 char AES key?

I have a file that is encrypted in AES using a 16 char string. The string is (a-zA-Z0-9) and .,?!. Also, it only contains words ...
387 views

### Other than brute force, are there any attacks on Threefish-512 using only a single known plaintext block?

As per title, other than brute force, are there any attacks on Threefish-512 using only a single plaintext block? Are there any attacks like this in any other cipher?
374 views

### RC4 S-Box and Keystream

I'm studying the RC4 algorithm and I have the following questions: On all questions assume that an expanded (2048-bit) key is used, and that the first 4096 bytes of the KeystreamIm are discarded. ...
533 views

### OpenPGP Public-Key Encrypted Session Key Packet Key ID generation

Im probably just not reading something again, but: RFC 4880 says that a OpenPGP Public-Key Encrypted Session Key Packet (tag 1) is made up of ...
491 views

### Does the MixColumns step come before or after AddRoundKey in AES decryption?

I found these images depicting the AES decryption process: In the first image, the MixColumns step comes before the AddRoundKey step, while in the second image, the AddRoundKey will come before ...
104 views

### Determine complexity of a SAT problem

Is there a standard way to determine a complexity of the specified SAT problem? I'm researching algebraic cryptanalysis and came to solving multivariate quadratic equation systems using CryptoMiniSat. ...
151 views

### Is it possible take a piece of data in secret?

I want something like this, but in a digital sense: You and others walk into a room. Everyone knows who each of you are and everyone is doing their best to figure out what piece of paper each ...
303 views

### Which encodings have |encoding key| >> |decoding key|?

I'm looking for an encoding scheme that requires a very large encoding key E (>10MB) and suffices with a relatively small decoding key ...
204 views

### Block ordering and security in a MAC?

To authenticate a message $m = m_1 \,\|\, \dots \,\|\,m_n$ the tag $t := F_k(r) \oplus F_k(m_1) \oplus \dotsb \oplus F_k(m_n)$ is used, where r is uniform random number $(0,1)^n$ and $m=(0,1)^n$. Even ...
243 views

### Is the SILC protocol still used? [closed]

I'm looking into implementing a private SILC server for friends (and possibly their friends). And after visiting the Wikipedia entry for SILC protocol, it seems all the official pages linked at the ...
40 views

### What are the well known protocols that offer perfect forward secrecy?

As far as I know these are the well known protocols that offer PFS TLS/SSL (with DHE-RSA, DHE-DSS, ECDHE-RSA or ECDHE-ECDSA) SSH (RFC4253) OTR (Protocol Version 3 Spec) IPsec (with IKEv1 and IKEv2) ...
54 views

### Zero Knowledge Non Interactive Proof with random oracle

I am trying to write an assay about Non Interactive Zero-Knowledge proofs and would like to take the simple discrete logarithm problem example fallowing the Feige-Fiat-Shamir heuristics. I understand ...
41 views

### Crypto hash function vs encryption algorithms

Why is a cryptographic hash function generally faster to execute in software than conventional encryption algorithms such as DES?
85 views

### ECC considered secure in OpenSSL?

this is my first question, please bear with me if it comes across silly. If I openssl ecparam -list_curves on my OpenSSL version (1.0.1f), it spits out the ...
66 views

### Questions about updating the secret key of RSA?

I want to update the secret key of RSA. I understand there exists a common modular attack on RSA. Precisely, if adversary knows $(e_1, m^{e_1})$ and $(e_2, m^{e_2})$, where $e_1$ and $e_2$ are the ...
79 views

### Evaluating Algebraic Complexity of a S-box

While studying the design and the desirable properties of an AES S-box , I came to know that Algebraic Complexity is also an important property of an S-box which is usually considered while evaluating ...
50 views

### Counter Mode (CTR) and mult-CPA

I am not sure if Counter Mode (CTR) encryption is mult-CPA (chosen-plaintext attack) secure or not.
81 views

### Factoring two RSA modulus with known $|p_1 - p_2| < \ell$

I have two 1024bit RSA modulus $N_1 = p_1q_1$ and $N_2 = p_2q_2$ such that $0 <|p_1 - p_2| < \ell$, and $\ell$ is at most 64bit integer. Can I factorise $N_1$ and $N_2$? What's the answer when ...
The definition of the Blum Blum Shub cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator is $x=x^2 \mod N$ where $N=p \times q$, $p \in \mathbb P$, and $q \in \mathbb P$. Supposedly, the security ...