# All Questions

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### PGP message integrity : How can receiver of an email check the integrity using the sender's public key?

PGP message integrity: Basically, only private key can decrypt message encrypted with public key. But in the message integrity service in PGP does the reverse, where the Hash of the message if ...
52 views

### Pseudo Random Generator with fixed Hamming Weight [closed]

I'm searching for way to generate secure pseudo random sequence with a fixed Hamming weight using a seed. I found below code but I need a seed to generate a sequence ... (and need know if is possible ...
83 views

### How Does Progressive Hashing Work?

Example: http://jsfiddle.net/KGtUE/ https://code.google.com/p/crypto-js/#Progressive_Hashing sha256.update("abc"); sha256.update("def"); sha256.update("ghi"); ...
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### How small are we talking about when defining the small public/private key exponent [duplicate]

I've been wondering about the 'small' part of the attacks on RSA, like the small public key exponent and the small private key exponent and what's not really clear is how small are we talking about? ...
72 views

### Reverse engineering a single checksum byte [closed]

I am working to understand a system which saves a few bytes of data together with what appears to be a single checksum byte that provides a very naive guarantee that the data has not been tampered ...
54 views

### How can the key size be calculated [closed]

If the decrypting key is 448, then what is the key size? Suppose I am encrypting a plain text with a key by choosing some random numbers between ...
121 views

### PRG existance and P versus NP

how can we prove that if there is a secure PRG then P!=NP or in reverse order?(is there any reduction?) a secure PRG is a pseudo random generator that for every eficient (running in probabilistic ...
83 views

### Symmetry for finite cyclic groups (Z/pZ)∗

How well is it known that for $i$ such that $1 \leq i \leq \frac{p − 1}2$: $$g^{i+(p−1)/2} = g^{i−1+(p−1)/2} − g^i + g^{i−1} \pmod p$$ Whilst working in the finite cyclic group of prime moduli ...
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### PRF and hash functions

Is there a difference between PRF and a hash function? example: Creation of a secret key is using PRF and creating a secret key is using hash function.
233 views

### How can I convert numbers into prime numbers?

I'm working with one-way accumulators, but I'm not knowledgable in cryptography. Is there an easy peasy way to hash numbers (or whatever) into prime numbers? Obviously I'd like it to be collision ...
51 views

### Positioning of keys in encrypted text

I'm just looking at very simple encryption. I've noticed that the key is typically either at the front or at the back of the encrypted text. This is quite easy to break if you know the key. It can ...
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### encrypting data signals using the time variations between two independent coupling functions [closed]

There was a recent article about a new encryption technique that encrypts "using the time variations between two independent coupling functions". What is this technique they are referring to?
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### How to create PSK key? [closed]

I'd like to create a PSK key to use with TLS-RSA-PSK-WITH-AES-256-CBC-SHA - what is the format of this key?
130 views

### Hash Based Encryption (fast & simple), how well would this compare to AES? [duplicate]

First of all, I know it's a very bad idea to invent your own encryption algorithm. It's better to use existing known, trusted, extensively tested and studied algorithms with a proven track record. The ...
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### Number of possible keys in a Play fair cipher [duplicate]

So for the play fair case, the number of possible keys is : 26x26 = 676 possible keys But if we consider the repeated letters, how many unique keys will the play fair have? I mean how will ...
65 views

### Adding “salt” to “doHash” function in Java [closed]

For one of my university projects I am being asked to "Improve the code to satisfy the pre-image resistance requirement." Basically the program is a basic encryption server system, and when I type a ...
103 views

### Need Help Reversing my Encryption Algorithm [closed]

So I wrote a simple encryption algorithm (Not very secure, just a starting point. I don't want criticism on it.) and I have been having trouble finding a way to decrypt the text. The algorithm is here ...
105 views

### How to determine which type of crypto is used in a text file? [closed]

is there a tool or a way to determine which type of crypto is used in this type of text: ...
98 views

### Are the protocols DH-EKE, B-SPEKE, A-EKE, and SRP are considered challenge-response authenticaion mechanisms? [closed]

I got confused which one is considered challenge-response mechanism which one is not.
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### Substitution Cipher Help [closed]

I have the following ciphertext: w jaoot zhoipqjwp ql wee lro oawxaop I know it is a substitution cipher but using my frequency analysis skills does not help me to find the plaintext. I think the ...
209 views

### why RSA uses Semiprime numbers? [duplicate]

Why does RSA use semiprime numbers? Why not just use any big number ?? What is the advantage of the two original numbers being prime? Because factoring any big number will be difficult
81 views

### Use of Different keys with PCBC

Currently I am having a doubt, while making a "DES PCBC" encryption on an image I observe a bit of the silhouette of the image (Probably because of the XOR between plaintext blocks and ciphertext ones ...
74 views

### Paillier Crypto System : Pros and Cons? [closed]

Can you please list the pros and cons of the Paillier crypto system you have encountered or found?
98 views

### Can someone explain how this unpadded RSA formula works?

Taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphic_encryption, $\mathcal{E}(x_1) \cdot \mathcal{E}(x_2) = x_1^e x_2^e$ $\bmod\; m = (x_1x_2)^e \;$ $\bmod\; m = \mathcal{E}(x_1 \cdot x_2)$ What is ...
71 views

### Is size Q equal to size SHA(Q)? [closed]

Assume d is a 128 bit random integer and P is base point of an elliptic curve and Q = dP is a point on the elliptic curve and SHA is a hash function with 128 bit output, my question is: Is size Q ...
69 views

### The specification of modern, non-communicating cipher machinery [closed]

I'm looking for references, papers or guidance on a class of system which I have not seen widely discussed. Consider powerful electronic machinery which remains in the custody of communicating ...
900 views

### AES: keylength and password length? [closed]

What is the difference between the keylength and the length of a password for AES-256?
146 views

### Integer factorization via geometric mean problem

presume: we have A and B integers, and C - product of multiplication of A and B, A and B are prime numbers (strong or usual) G - is geometric mean of A and B (square root of C) also, we have: if B > ...
134 views

### Which areas in CS will be (or have been) most affected by fully homomorphic cryptography? [closed]

I'm in the middle of planning a 5000ish word essay on fully homomorphic cryptography, the current practical implementations and their limitations. Which areas of CS as a subject have been (or will ...
299 views

### Is triple des similiar to RSA in that they message size is limited to the key size?

Is triple des similiar to rsa in that the message size you can encrypt is limited (unlike AES)? Yes you can break the message size into parts and apply it, but I'm not interested in doing that so I ...
674 views

### University for Crypto grad study [closed]

(I thought twice before asking this question and quite reluctant to type as well, but I think this would be helpful). I am an undergrad student and choose theoretical computer science as my major. ...
73 views

### Book Didactic Security Notions [closed]

I want study more about cryptography reading papers, but I have a problems to understand few concepts: security notions, random oracle model, IND-CCA, ... etc. I began study this concepts by internet: ...
122 views

### Obtaining a key that's using ice algorithm

I have a text file that has been processed by the SNOW steganography tool that uses ICE encryption. However, I do not know the key that would enable me to decrypt and retrieve the message hidden. ...
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### What should I pay attention to when implementing RSA signature verification? [on hold]

I plan to implement a RSA signature verification module in hardware. Here are the specs: The module will only use RSA to perform signature verification with public key. The modulus key size is ...
41 views

### Calculating periodicity of a pseudo random number generator (Middle-square method) [closed]

Below is a Python code that calculates the periodicity of the middle-square method for a given 4 digit-numbers: ...
56 views

### how to rememeber passwords securely? [migrated]

Imagine you have a private RSA-key on your computer encrypted (through PBKDF2, AES-CTR, HMAC256) with a password, now if the user would like to tick "Remember Password", what is the most secure way to ...
132 views

### What does it mean that a protocol realizes “strong mutual authentication”?

What does it mean that a protocol realizes "strong mutual authentication"? And What does it mean that a protocol realizes "weak mutual authentication"? Can you define them formally ? I have found a ...
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### How is a Yubikey static password derived from the AES key?

When I configure a Yubikey slot as static, it's not documented or obvious how the static password yielded by a press relates to the AES key I set. For example: ...
55 views

### How to benchmark custom crypto with OpenSSL benchmark suite? [closed]

OpenSSL benchmark suite currently tests the speed of algorithms supported by the library like md5 sha1 sha256 sha512. What if we have a custom crypto algorithm "abc" . How do we benchmark its ...
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### Attacking both authenticity and secrecy in authenticated encryption modes

looks like NIST only approved GCM mode for authenticated encryption and other modes don't have any approval or a good implementation available. Is that possible a weakness in $GHASH$ compromise ...
78 views

### how to calculate power $n$ over Gaussian integers?

In the paper Extended RSA cryptosystem and digital signature schemes in the domain of Gaussian integers the authors calculate $(4007621+145835\cdot i)^{7848211742013} \mod (x)$, please explain to me ...
130 views

### Guessing encryption algorithm based on key and ciphertext

Is it possible to tell which encryption algorithm was used, assuming I have a key and a encrypted text? To not complicate the situation let assume we are speaking about symmetric algorithms only. ...
125 views

### Approaches to decoding data of an unknown type [closed]

This is a high level question. One area of computer science that I'm working on getting better at is encoding and decoding data. My background is that of a self-taught web engineer who is trying to ...
Is there any way to generate values only between $0$ and $255$ with the Diffie-Hellman method? I need to create keys for communication algorithms with $32$ and $16$ numbers between that range. The ...